• Study Resource
  • Explore Categories
    • Arts & Humanities
    • Business
    • Engineering & Technology
    • Foreign Language
    • History
    • Math
    • Science
    • Social Science

    Top subcategories

    • Advanced Math
    • Algebra
    • Basic Math
    • Calculus
    • Geometry
    • Linear Algebra
    • Pre-Algebra
    • Pre-Calculus
    • Statistics And Probability
    • Trigonometry
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Astronomy
    • Astrophysics
    • Biology
    • Chemistry
    • Earth Science
    • Environmental Science
    • Health Science
    • Physics
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Anthropology
    • Law
    • Political Science
    • Psychology
    • Sociology
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Accounting
    • Economics
    • Finance
    • Management
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Aerospace Engineering
    • Bioengineering
    • Chemical Engineering
    • Civil Engineering
    • Computer Science
    • Electrical Engineering
    • Industrial Engineering
    • Mechanical Engineering
    • Web Design
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Architecture
    • Communications
    • English
    • Gender Studies
    • Music
    • Performing Arts
    • Philosophy
    • Religious Studies
    • Writing
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Ancient History
    • European History
    • US History
    • World History
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Croatian
    • Czech
    • Finnish
    • Greek
    • Hindi
    • Japanese
    • Korean
    • Persian
    • Swedish
    • Turkish
    • other →
 
Profile Documents Logout
Upload
Flexbook ()
Flexbook ()

... Here’s how natural selection can keep a harmful allele in a gene pool: The allele (S) for sickle-cell anemia is a harmful autosomal recessive. It is caused by a mutation in the normal allele (A) for hemoglobin (a protein on red blood cells). Malaria is a deadly tropical disease. It is common in many ...
Allele Frequencies Scientists wondered if ______
Allele Frequencies Scientists wondered if ______

... Amish of Pennsylvania (17,000) are  descended from only a few ________.  As a result 13% of the people are  ___________ recessive for a rare allele  that is a disease with a combination of  dwarfism and ______ fingers. ...
Evolutionary Mechanisms and Processes
Evolutionary Mechanisms and Processes

... different amino acids) and therefore biophysical and biological properties of these most important building, and functional molecules of present-day organisms. The genetic information is transferred from generation to generation, by copying of the DNA double helix during DNA replication. The sequenc ...
Evolution
Evolution

... African elephants typically have large tusks. The ivory in the tusks is highly valued by some people, so hunters have hunted and killed elephants to tear out their tusks and sell them (usually illegally) for decades. Some African elephants have a rare trait -- they never develop tusks at all. In 193 ...
Ecology and Evolution - Exam 1 1. How did your instructor define a
Ecology and Evolution - Exam 1 1. How did your instructor define a

... represented as tree, with the trunk representing a common ancestor and the branches derived species. D. It is a reference to the scales used by a Greek goddess to weigh the claims of different scientists. In science it is represent the idea that reason can be used to judge theories. E. A ranking or ...
Extended phenotype redux
Extended phenotype redux

... he idea of the extended phenotype (EP), which was first proposed by the British evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins to explain how and why organisms—or, more fundamentally, their genes—are able to manipulate their environment (Dawkins, 1982), has been the focus of intense debate and much research ...
Evolution - Effingham County Schools
Evolution - Effingham County Schools

... later nearly all the grasshoppers were dead. A few, however, survived. Each year he continues to spray his fields with the insecticide, but fewer and fewer of the grasshoppers die. Which of the following best explains the results? A. The insecticide caused a mutation in the species. B. The grasshopp ...
Chapter 3 : Skill themes, Movement Concepts and National Standards
Chapter 3 : Skill themes, Movement Concepts and National Standards

... Become meaningful to students if they are involved in the recording and analyzing of scores, and provided with guidance in setting personal goals ...
Darwin`s Theory
Darwin`s Theory

... survive and reproduce leads to a gradual change in a population, with favorable characteristics accumulating over ...
Change in Populations
Change in Populations

... • Genotypic variation in turn gives rise to phenotypic variation. • Evolutionary mechanisms act on this phenotypic variation resulting in changes in allelic frequency. ...
Evolution
Evolution

... determined which mouse was better adapted to its surroundings? The owls determined, by eating certain mice, which color was an adaptation for survival. Only mice that are not eaten survive to reproduce. On the dark soil, more dark mice survived because the owls did not see them. On the light soil, m ...
Genetic Drift and Gene flow w.s.
Genetic Drift and Gene flow w.s.

... Date: ...
Unit 1 Lesson 2 - Peoria Public Schools
Unit 1 Lesson 2 - Peoria Public Schools

... • At first, adaptations are rare. As more of the species survive and reproduce, the number of individuals with the adaptation will increase. • Other adaptations are inherited behaviors that help an organism find food, protect itself, or reproduce. ...
Evolution
Evolution

AP Bio Evolution Lec Ch. 22-25
AP Bio Evolution Lec Ch. 22-25

... • Islands have many endemic species that are often closely related to species on the nearest mainland or island • Earth’s continents were formerly united in a single large continent called Pangaea, but have since separated by continental drift • An understanding of continent movement and modern dist ...
File - Ms. D. Science CGPA
File - Ms. D. Science CGPA

... What is Natural Selection? Pg. 390 In 1858, Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace proposed the same explanation— natural selection —for how evolution occurs. Natural selection is the process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce more t ...
File
File

... • Studied in Galapagos Islands • Developed theory of evolution by natural selection – First to propose logical mechanism – Organisms with favorable traits will survive to reproduce and pass on traits to offspring ...
ch15
ch15

... Fact #5 - Much, but not all, of the individual variation is heritable. This observation also came from animal breeders. Some of the observed variation is environmental, some is genetic. Conclusion: These facts led Darwin to the conclusion that some individuals are better equipped to survive and repr ...
Section 16.3
Section 16.3

... said to have high fitness. • Individuals with characteristics that are not well-suited to their environment either die without reproducing or leave few offspring and are said to have low fitness. • This difference in rates of survival and reproduction is called survival of the fittest. In evolutiona ...
Biol 112 LAB REMINDERS Variation in populations Heritability of
Biol 112 LAB REMINDERS Variation in populations Heritability of

... proteins, transcription factors‐ turn genes on/off) in  populations • 2. Differential reproduction‐ A trait allows an  individual to survive better and/or reproduce more  will produce more offspring • 3. If that trait is heritable (is based on genetics) more  individuals in the population will have  ...
File - Intervention
File - Intervention

... inherited variation, the potential of a population to produce more offspring than can survive, and a finite supply of environmental resources, result in differential reproductive success. What causes inherited variation among individuals in a population?  Inherited variation refers to the genetic d ...
Mod 1
Mod 1

... Grant's comments on these maps: "The maps show a before-after comparison of the geographic distribution of melanic phenotypes in peppered moth populations in Britain based on Kettlewell's 1956 survey (left map) and that conducted 40-years later (1996) by my colleagues and me (right map). The black s ...
Document
Document

... 5. What underlying law of nature has produced this change? (Use Darwin's theory of evolution and apply it to what you have learned in this investigation.) ...
File - Ms. M`s Biology Class
File - Ms. M`s Biology Class

... Artificial selection or selective breeding occurs when humans breed other animals and plants for specific and desired traits ...
6.1_EVOLUTION_DARWIN VS LAMARCK
6.1_EVOLUTION_DARWIN VS LAMARCK

... tremendous amounts of scientific evidence. In this lesson, students will be exposed to Natural Selection and an earlier alternate theory—Acquired Inheritance. Both of these theories are founded on the belief that animal species change over time and that offspring inherit traits from their parents. T ...
< 1 ... 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 ... 134 >

Inclusive fitness

In evolutionary biology inclusive fitness theory is a model for the evolution of social behaviors (traits), first set forward by W. D. Hamilton in 1963 and 1964. Instead of a trait's frequency increase being thought of only via its average effects on an organism's direct reproduction, Hamilton argued that its average effects on indirect reproduction, via identical copies of the trait in other individuals, also need to be taken into account. Hamilton's theory, alongside reciprocal altruism, is considered one of the two primary mechanisms for the evolution of social behaviors in natural species.From the gene's point of view, evolutionary success ultimately depends on leaving behind the maximum number of copies of itself in the population. Until 1964, it was generally believed that genes only achieved this by causing the individual to leave the maximum number of viable direct offspring. However, in 1964 W. D. Hamilton showed mathematically that, because other members of a population may share identical genes, a gene can also increase its evolutionary success by indirectly promoting the reproduction and survival of such individuals. The most obvious category of such individuals is close genetic relatives, and where these are concerned, the application of inclusive fitness theory is often more straightforwardly treated via the narrower kin selection theory.Belding's ground squirrel provides an example. The ground squirrel gives an alarm call to warn its local group of the presence of a predator. By emitting the alarm, it gives its own location away, putting itself in more danger. In the process, however, the squirrel may protect its relatives within the local group (along with the rest of the group). Therefore, if the effect of the trait influencing the alarm call typically protects the other squirrels in the immediate area, it will lead to the passing on of more of copies of the alarm call trait in the next generation than the squirrel could leave by reproducing on its own. In such a case natural selection will increase the trait that influences giving the alarm call, provided that a sufficient fraction of the shared genes include the gene(s) predisposing to the alarm call.Synalpheus regalis, a eusocial shrimp, also is an example of an organism whose social traits meet the inclusive fitness criterion. The larger defenders protect the young juveniles in the colony from outsiders. By ensuring the young's survival, the genes will continue to be passed on to future generations.Inclusive fitness is more generalized than strict kin selection, which requires that the shared genes are identical by descent. Inclusive fitness is not limited to cases where ""kin"" ('close genetic relatives') are involved.
  • studyres.com © 2026
  • DMCA
  • Privacy
  • Terms
  • Report