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Chapter 14
Chapter 14

... forms, so different from each other, and dependent on each other in so complex a manner, have all been produced by laws acting around us… There is grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed into a few forms or into one; and that, whilst this planet has go ...
Topic D (Evolution)
Topic D (Evolution)

... – Example: Apple Maggot Fly (Rhagoletis pomonella) – It originally laid its eggs on Hawthorn fruits, but some individuals started to infest non-native apple trees as well. The fruits ripen at different times, thus the adults emerge and mate at different times. – Now you have two separate breeding po ...
Not by Design: Retiring Darwin`s Watchmaker
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... not. I show that Cuvier’s principle of the conditions for existence is a conditional teleological principle. In the second part, I pursue the debate over design from its origins in ancient Greek philosophy through the Enlightenment to Cuvier and Darwin. I show that the “Epicurean hypothesis” was an ...
Darwin, an English naturalist, proposed natural selection as the
Darwin, an English naturalist, proposed natural selection as the

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Biology 4974/5974 Evolution
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V. Evolutionary Computing History vs. Science Part 5B: Thermodynamics & Evolution

... the relative efficiency at producing viable offspring –  of oneself (exclusive fitness) –  of oneself or close relatives (inclusive fitness) ...
Natural Selection Think-sheet
Natural Selection Think-sheet

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Exam 4 Q3 Review Sheet Honors Biology Exam 4 will cover
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Lecture 1

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Hardy-Weinberg Theorem Charles Darwin`s unique contribution to

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... environment - they will survive and reproduce more successfully than individuals without those characteristics. • Future generations will thus contain more genes from better-suited individuals. • As a result, characteristics will evolve over time to resemble those of the better-suited ancestors. ...
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Unit 5 Lesson 1 Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

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ppt - Kyle Harms
ppt - Kyle Harms

... forms, so different from each other, and dependent on each other in so complex a manner, have all been produced by laws acting around us… There is grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed into a few forms or into one; and that, whilst this planet has go ...
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... birds finding themselves in Africa in the spring, will be able to produce more off-spring that each survive better by moving north to an area with less competition for limited resources. Here the purpose is again regarded as the evolutionary reason. Migratory birds became so from non-migratory ances ...
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Chapter 15 Lecture Slides

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Summary of lesson - TI Education

... give a selective advantage. They also might predict that other mutations give no selective advantage in this condition. In this case, they should be clear what that would look like. Students will test this predication, and can amend this prediction in future simulations. Q12. When wolves are perform ...
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... as any inherited characteristic that helps an organism to survive and reproduce. Above I said that genetic variation forms the raw material for evolution. In particular, variation in these adaptations is the raw material of evolution and key to a process of evolution. Actually when people usually ta ...
Evolution and Ecology
Evolution and Ecology

... Charles Darwin used the phrase “descent with modification.” He proposed that populations become different over time through natural selection: Individuals with certain heritable characteristics survive and reproduce more successfully than individuals with other heritable characteristics. ...
Natural Selection
Natural Selection

... genetic makeup of the next generation • Genetic bottlenecks – result in a loss in genetic diversity following an extreme reduction in the size of the population (following a natural disaster, over-hunting, etc) • Founder effect – occurs when individuals establish a new population (the finches moving ...
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Inclusive fitness

In evolutionary biology inclusive fitness theory is a model for the evolution of social behaviors (traits), first set forward by W. D. Hamilton in 1963 and 1964. Instead of a trait's frequency increase being thought of only via its average effects on an organism's direct reproduction, Hamilton argued that its average effects on indirect reproduction, via identical copies of the trait in other individuals, also need to be taken into account. Hamilton's theory, alongside reciprocal altruism, is considered one of the two primary mechanisms for the evolution of social behaviors in natural species.From the gene's point of view, evolutionary success ultimately depends on leaving behind the maximum number of copies of itself in the population. Until 1964, it was generally believed that genes only achieved this by causing the individual to leave the maximum number of viable direct offspring. However, in 1964 W. D. Hamilton showed mathematically that, because other members of a population may share identical genes, a gene can also increase its evolutionary success by indirectly promoting the reproduction and survival of such individuals. The most obvious category of such individuals is close genetic relatives, and where these are concerned, the application of inclusive fitness theory is often more straightforwardly treated via the narrower kin selection theory.Belding's ground squirrel provides an example. The ground squirrel gives an alarm call to warn its local group of the presence of a predator. By emitting the alarm, it gives its own location away, putting itself in more danger. In the process, however, the squirrel may protect its relatives within the local group (along with the rest of the group). Therefore, if the effect of the trait influencing the alarm call typically protects the other squirrels in the immediate area, it will lead to the passing on of more of copies of the alarm call trait in the next generation than the squirrel could leave by reproducing on its own. In such a case natural selection will increase the trait that influences giving the alarm call, provided that a sufficient fraction of the shared genes include the gene(s) predisposing to the alarm call.Synalpheus regalis, a eusocial shrimp, also is an example of an organism whose social traits meet the inclusive fitness criterion. The larger defenders protect the young juveniles in the colony from outsiders. By ensuring the young's survival, the genes will continue to be passed on to future generations.Inclusive fitness is more generalized than strict kin selection, which requires that the shared genes are identical by descent. Inclusive fitness is not limited to cases where ""kin"" ('close genetic relatives') are involved.
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