Effect of Six Decades of Selective Breeding on
... accessions lack this subunit (31). In the modern cultivars represented by Mustang, Pioneer 93B09, and Asgrow 3602, there is noticeably less β-subunit of β-conglycinin (Figure 2). Comparison of Amino Acid Compositions of Ancestral and Modern Cultivars. Soybeans are a good protein source for monogastr ...
... accessions lack this subunit (31). In the modern cultivars represented by Mustang, Pioneer 93B09, and Asgrow 3602, there is noticeably less β-subunit of β-conglycinin (Figure 2). Comparison of Amino Acid Compositions of Ancestral and Modern Cultivars. Soybeans are a good protein source for monogastr ...
Constitutive heat shock protein 70 (HSC70) expression in rainbow
... The 70-kDa family of heat shock proteins plays an important role as molecular chaperones in unstressed and stressed cells. The constitutive member of the 70 family (hsc70) is crucial for the chaperoning function of unstressed cells, whereas the inducible form (hsp70) is important for allowing cells ...
... The 70-kDa family of heat shock proteins plays an important role as molecular chaperones in unstressed and stressed cells. The constitutive member of the 70 family (hsc70) is crucial for the chaperoning function of unstressed cells, whereas the inducible form (hsp70) is important for allowing cells ...
Conservation of inner nuclear membrane targeting sequences in
... NLS region that we tested was Pom121 (Doucet et al., 2010; Yavuz et al., 2010; Funakoshi et al., 2011). Pom121 is a singlepass membrane protein with a small lume nal domain at the N-terminus and a large C-terminal extralumenal domain. The NLS region of Pom121, containing four or five boxes of basic ...
... NLS region that we tested was Pom121 (Doucet et al., 2010; Yavuz et al., 2010; Funakoshi et al., 2011). Pom121 is a singlepass membrane protein with a small lume nal domain at the N-terminus and a large C-terminal extralumenal domain. The NLS region of Pom121, containing four or five boxes of basic ...
BIOCHEMISTRY
... Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized in the organism from other compounds; therefore they must be supplied to the organism as taken with the food. For the human organism, eight amino acids are absolutely essential. These are acids: valine, leucine, isoleucine, threonine, lysine, methionine, p ...
... Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized in the organism from other compounds; therefore they must be supplied to the organism as taken with the food. For the human organism, eight amino acids are absolutely essential. These are acids: valine, leucine, isoleucine, threonine, lysine, methionine, p ...
Feature-Based Classification of Amino Acid Substitutions outside
... of amino acid substitutions. For predictions, these methods use machine learning algorithms, such as random forest— MutPred [11], neural networks—SNAP [12], or Bayesian classification—PolyPhen-2 [13]. The third strategy is MSAindependent sequence analysis relying on the prediction of the effect of a ...
... of amino acid substitutions. For predictions, these methods use machine learning algorithms, such as random forest— MutPred [11], neural networks—SNAP [12], or Bayesian classification—PolyPhen-2 [13]. The third strategy is MSAindependent sequence analysis relying on the prediction of the effect of a ...
sheet#30
... kidneys, but mainly liver. Before, we said that ammonia is converted to urea in the liver only, so what is the role of glutamine in kidneys? The enzyme glutaminase (which is found in both liver and kidney) cleaves glutamine to glutamate and ammonia. Kidney use ammonia in the acid-base balance, kidne ...
... kidneys, but mainly liver. Before, we said that ammonia is converted to urea in the liver only, so what is the role of glutamine in kidneys? The enzyme glutaminase (which is found in both liver and kidney) cleaves glutamine to glutamate and ammonia. Kidney use ammonia in the acid-base balance, kidne ...
Urine Reflection of Changes in Blood
... urine, exhaled air, bile, and perspiration, these places may serve potential sources for biomarker discovery. But there are exceptions. For instance, it is better to detect biomarkers in plasma when they are continuously secreted into blood or have a long half-life. Moreover, biomarkers for acute il ...
... urine, exhaled air, bile, and perspiration, these places may serve potential sources for biomarker discovery. But there are exceptions. For instance, it is better to detect biomarkers in plasma when they are continuously secreted into blood or have a long half-life. Moreover, biomarkers for acute il ...
Analyzing Effects of Naturally Occurring Missense Mutations
... such predictions can be classified into three categories: (a) amino acids properties, such as size, side chain polarity, side chain flexibility, and its ability to form a hydrogen bond and other geometrical considerations; (b) 3D protein structural properties such as protein stability, affinity of rec ...
... such predictions can be classified into three categories: (a) amino acids properties, such as size, side chain polarity, side chain flexibility, and its ability to form a hydrogen bond and other geometrical considerations; (b) 3D protein structural properties such as protein stability, affinity of rec ...
Plant Chloroplasts and Other Plastids
... In some flowers and fruits, chloroplasts develop into highly coloured chromoplasts. In these plastids, chlorophyll and the thylakoid membrane system break down, while large amounts of carotenoids are synthesized that are responsible for the yellow, orange or red colours as observed, for example, in r ...
... In some flowers and fruits, chloroplasts develop into highly coloured chromoplasts. In these plastids, chlorophyll and the thylakoid membrane system break down, while large amounts of carotenoids are synthesized that are responsible for the yellow, orange or red colours as observed, for example, in r ...
Specific Isotopic Labeling of Methyl Groups has Extended the
... sample. The use of these experiments enabled the 1H methyl (1Hme) and 13C methyl (13Cme) resonances of nearly 78% of the ILV methyl groups in a 82 kDa protein (MSG) to be assigned 26. Subsequently, the assignment of 3D and 4D NOESY experiments yielded distance restraint information that, when combin ...
... sample. The use of these experiments enabled the 1H methyl (1Hme) and 13C methyl (13Cme) resonances of nearly 78% of the ILV methyl groups in a 82 kDa protein (MSG) to be assigned 26. Subsequently, the assignment of 3D and 4D NOESY experiments yielded distance restraint information that, when combin ...
The maize ID1 flowering time regulator is a zinc finger protein with
... using the same protocol as described above. Full-length id1 cDNA was used as template in the ®rst and second PCR ampli®cations. In the ®rst PCR, the forward primer IDEcoRIF and reverse primers containing the desired mutation were used. In the second PCR, the forward primers, the complement sequence ...
... using the same protocol as described above. Full-length id1 cDNA was used as template in the ®rst and second PCR ampli®cations. In the ®rst PCR, the forward primer IDEcoRIF and reverse primers containing the desired mutation were used. In the second PCR, the forward primers, the complement sequence ...
No Slide Title
... Chassagne 1986 MCA to "HIV" p18 reacts with dendritic cells in the lymphatic tissues of a variety of patients with a number of non-AIDS related diseases Parravcini 1988 the "same pattern reactivity was present in normal tissue taken from uninfected individuals as in those taken from HIV positive ...
... Chassagne 1986 MCA to "HIV" p18 reacts with dendritic cells in the lymphatic tissues of a variety of patients with a number of non-AIDS related diseases Parravcini 1988 the "same pattern reactivity was present in normal tissue taken from uninfected individuals as in those taken from HIV positive ...
Cell membranes
... Lipid rafts are resistant to detergent solubilization, which has facilitated their isolation and characterization. Close packing of sphingolipids in association with cholesterol has been attributed to lack of double bonds in sphingolipid hydrocarbon chains. Glycerophospholipids often include at leas ...
... Lipid rafts are resistant to detergent solubilization, which has facilitated their isolation and characterization. Close packing of sphingolipids in association with cholesterol has been attributed to lack of double bonds in sphingolipid hydrocarbon chains. Glycerophospholipids often include at leas ...
A New Type of a Multifunctional ß
... A New Type of a Multifunctional -Oxidation Enzyme in Euglena Uwe Winkler*, Werner Säftel, and Helmut Stabenau Department of Biology, University of Oldenburg, P.O. Box 2503, D–26111 Oldenburg, Germany The biochemical and molecular properties of the -oxidation enzymes from algae have not been inves ...
... A New Type of a Multifunctional -Oxidation Enzyme in Euglena Uwe Winkler*, Werner Säftel, and Helmut Stabenau Department of Biology, University of Oldenburg, P.O. Box 2503, D–26111 Oldenburg, Germany The biochemical and molecular properties of the -oxidation enzymes from algae have not been inves ...
PLoS Pathogens
... Gram-negative bacterial pathogens deliver a variety of virulence proteins through the type III secretion system (T3SS) directly into the host cytoplasm. These type III secreted effectors (T3SEs) play an essential role in bacterial infection, mainly by targeting host immunity. However, the molecular ...
... Gram-negative bacterial pathogens deliver a variety of virulence proteins through the type III secretion system (T3SS) directly into the host cytoplasm. These type III secreted effectors (T3SEs) play an essential role in bacterial infection, mainly by targeting host immunity. However, the molecular ...
BIOCHEMISTRY
... Peptides and proteins, pro-tein’s classifications. Simple and conjugated proteins, brief characteristics. Peptide bond, genetic changes of the amino acids sequence, hereditary proteinopathies (molecular diseases). Levels of proteins organization: primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structures a ...
... Peptides and proteins, pro-tein’s classifications. Simple and conjugated proteins, brief characteristics. Peptide bond, genetic changes of the amino acids sequence, hereditary proteinopathies (molecular diseases). Levels of proteins organization: primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structures a ...
Two Domains of the Human bZIP Transcription Factor
... that is important for the induction of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase-1 in response to xenobiotics and antioxidants. These observations indicate a role for TCF11 in the regulation of the antioxidant response. In addition, TCF11 has also been suggested to play a role in tumor necrosis factor-␣ regula ...
... that is important for the induction of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase-1 in response to xenobiotics and antioxidants. These observations indicate a role for TCF11 in the regulation of the antioxidant response. In addition, TCF11 has also been suggested to play a role in tumor necrosis factor-␣ regula ...
Regulation of mTORC1 by amino acids
... Rags), and folliculin (FLCN) complexes. Increased understanding of this pathway will not only provide insight into growth control but also into the human pathologies triggered by its deregulation. Overview of mTORC1 signaling Growth is a fundamental biological process that is highly influenced by an ...
... Rags), and folliculin (FLCN) complexes. Increased understanding of this pathway will not only provide insight into growth control but also into the human pathologies triggered by its deregulation. Overview of mTORC1 signaling Growth is a fundamental biological process that is highly influenced by an ...
Metabolic adaptation of Mycobacterium avium subsp
... adaptive changes of metabolic pathways of a pathogenic mycobacterium in its natural host at the proteome level. Adaptation to the host environment became apparent in specific metabolic aspects, including nutrient availability, responses to antimicrobial host reactions and increased need for energy. ...
... adaptive changes of metabolic pathways of a pathogenic mycobacterium in its natural host at the proteome level. Adaptation to the host environment became apparent in specific metabolic aspects, including nutrient availability, responses to antimicrobial host reactions and increased need for energy. ...
PDF
... pathways that regulate many aspects of eukaryotic biology (1, 2). The protein kinase gene family is one of the largest in eukaryotic organisms and typically constitutes almost 2% of all protein-encoding genes (3, 4). In general, these enzymes catalyze the transfer of the terminal phosphate from ATP ...
... pathways that regulate many aspects of eukaryotic biology (1, 2). The protein kinase gene family is one of the largest in eukaryotic organisms and typically constitutes almost 2% of all protein-encoding genes (3, 4). In general, these enzymes catalyze the transfer of the terminal phosphate from ATP ...
A New Type of a Multifunctional ß-Oxidation
... A New Type of a Multifunctional -Oxidation Enzyme in Euglena Uwe Winkler*, Werner Säftel, and Helmut Stabenau Department of Biology, University of Oldenburg, P.O. Box 2503, D–26111 Oldenburg, Germany The biochemical and molecular properties of the -oxidation enzymes from algae have not been inves ...
... A New Type of a Multifunctional -Oxidation Enzyme in Euglena Uwe Winkler*, Werner Säftel, and Helmut Stabenau Department of Biology, University of Oldenburg, P.O. Box 2503, D–26111 Oldenburg, Germany The biochemical and molecular properties of the -oxidation enzymes from algae have not been inves ...
Not Every Disulfide Lasts Forever: Disulfide Bond
... redox regulation and activation (42). A Cys199Ser OxyR mutant protein is locked in the reduced conformation, and cells are as hypersensitive to H 2O2 as are cells that harbor an oxyR deletion. Optimal transcriptional activity, however, also requires the presence of Cys208. Mutant OxyR missing all fo ...
... redox regulation and activation (42). A Cys199Ser OxyR mutant protein is locked in the reduced conformation, and cells are as hypersensitive to H 2O2 as are cells that harbor an oxyR deletion. Optimal transcriptional activity, however, also requires the presence of Cys208. Mutant OxyR missing all fo ...
Protein
Proteins (/ˈproʊˌtiːnz/ or /ˈproʊti.ɨnz/) are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within living organisms, including catalyzing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, responding to stimuli, and transporting molecules from one location to another. Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the nucleotide sequence of their genes, and which usually results in protein folding into a specific three-dimensional structure that determines its activity.A linear chain of amino acid residues is called a polypeptide. A protein contains at least one long polypeptide. Short polypeptides, containing less than about 20-30 residues, are rarely considered to be proteins and are commonly called peptides, or sometimes oligopeptides. The individual amino acid residues are bonded together by peptide bonds and adjacent amino acid residues. The sequence of amino acid residues in a protein is defined by the sequence of a gene, which is encoded in the genetic code. In general, the genetic code specifies 20 standard amino acids; however, in certain organisms the genetic code can include selenocysteine and—in certain archaea—pyrrolysine. Shortly after or even during synthesis, the residues in a protein are often chemically modified by posttranslational modification, which alters the physical and chemical properties, folding, stability, activity, and ultimately, the function of the proteins. Sometimes proteins have non-peptide groups attached, which can be called prosthetic groups or cofactors. Proteins can also work together to achieve a particular function, and they often associate to form stable protein complexes.Once formed, proteins only exist for a certain period of time and are then degraded and recycled by the cell's machinery through the process of protein turnover. A protein's lifespan is measured in terms of its half-life and covers a wide range. They can exist for minutes or years with an average lifespan of 1–2 days in mammalian cells. Abnormal and or misfolded proteins are degraded more rapidly either due to being targeted for destruction or due to being unstable.Like other biological macromolecules such as polysaccharides and nucleic acids, proteins are essential parts of organisms and participate in virtually every process within cells. Many proteins are enzymes that catalyze biochemical reactions and are vital to metabolism. Proteins also have structural or mechanical functions, such as actin and myosin in muscle and the proteins in the cytoskeleton, which form a system of scaffolding that maintains cell shape. Other proteins are important in cell signaling, immune responses, cell adhesion, and the cell cycle. Proteins are also necessary in animals' diets, since animals cannot synthesize all the amino acids they need and must obtain essential amino acids from food. Through the process of digestion, animals break down ingested protein into free amino acids that are then used in metabolism.Proteins may be purified from other cellular components using a variety of techniques such as ultracentrifugation, precipitation, electrophoresis, and chromatography; the advent of genetic engineering has made possible a number of methods to facilitate purification. Methods commonly used to study protein structure and function include immunohistochemistry, site-directed mutagenesis, X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry.