Fatty acid
... Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
... Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity Special Issue
... Glutathione (GSH), a tripeptide of glycine, cysteine, and glutamate, is a major cellular antioxidant that neutralizes free radicals and reactive oxygen species, detoxifies reactive electrophile products of lipid peroxidation, and maintains the thiol status of proteins. When GSH reacts with oxidants, ...
... Glutathione (GSH), a tripeptide of glycine, cysteine, and glutamate, is a major cellular antioxidant that neutralizes free radicals and reactive oxygen species, detoxifies reactive electrophile products of lipid peroxidation, and maintains the thiol status of proteins. When GSH reacts with oxidants, ...
Adherence of Pathogenic Mycoplasmas to Host Cells
... recently reviewed (Razin et al., 1998). A novel approach developed in our Jerusalem laboratory by David Yogev and his collaborators (Athamna et al., 1997) may allow the identification of phasevariable proteins involved in mycoplasma adherence. The approach is based on the linkage between the ability ...
... recently reviewed (Razin et al., 1998). A novel approach developed in our Jerusalem laboratory by David Yogev and his collaborators (Athamna et al., 1997) may allow the identification of phasevariable proteins involved in mycoplasma adherence. The approach is based on the linkage between the ability ...
Monte Carlo simulations of peptide–membrane interactions with the
... functionalities of the MCPep server. We used a peptide corresponding to the sequence of the putative TM and juxtamembrane regions of the protein, namely, residues 75–116 (UniProt id P63027). The fraction of the charged lipids in the membrane was set to 30%, similar to that of neuronal vesicles (20). ...
... functionalities of the MCPep server. We used a peptide corresponding to the sequence of the putative TM and juxtamembrane regions of the protein, namely, residues 75–116 (UniProt id P63027). The fraction of the charged lipids in the membrane was set to 30%, similar to that of neuronal vesicles (20). ...
CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS OF PROTEINS : A TOOL FOR PROTEIN
... structure. In this regard, the chemical synthesis of proteins appears a key tool, as it allows the unlimited modification of a polypeptide chain with any kind and number of labels. The last decade has seen the introduction of several techniques of chemical protein synthesis that allow the manipulati ...
... structure. In this regard, the chemical synthesis of proteins appears a key tool, as it allows the unlimited modification of a polypeptide chain with any kind and number of labels. The last decade has seen the introduction of several techniques of chemical protein synthesis that allow the manipulati ...
Structure and biosynthesis of the signal
... The SSR is present in the ER membrane of various types of cells of different species in excess over membrane-bound ribosomes [lo], in keeping with its assumed role as a constituent of the translocation complex. The protein appears to be essential for translocation since antibodies directed against i ...
... The SSR is present in the ER membrane of various types of cells of different species in excess over membrane-bound ribosomes [lo], in keeping with its assumed role as a constituent of the translocation complex. The protein appears to be essential for translocation since antibodies directed against i ...
Purification and Partial Characterization of a Latent Serine Protease
... patite column (1 X 4 cm) equilibrated with the same buffer. The flow-through fractions showing high activity were pooled and dialyzed overnight against 20 mM Tris-HCl (PH 7.8) containing 5 mM MgCb. The dlaiyzed p'roteins were adsorbed to a DEAE-Sepharose column (1 X 4 cm) equilibrated with the same ...
... patite column (1 X 4 cm) equilibrated with the same buffer. The flow-through fractions showing high activity were pooled and dialyzed overnight against 20 mM Tris-HCl (PH 7.8) containing 5 mM MgCb. The dlaiyzed p'roteins were adsorbed to a DEAE-Sepharose column (1 X 4 cm) equilibrated with the same ...
Roles for Regulator of G Protein Signaling Proteins in Synaptic
... with RGS2, it is necessary to understand how RGS2 modulates synaptic plasticity and signaling. Functions for RGS2 in synaptic signaling and plasticity have been examined largely within the hippocampus and VTA. Within the hippocampus, RGS2 regulates short-term synaptic plasticity. High concentrations ...
... with RGS2, it is necessary to understand how RGS2 modulates synaptic plasticity and signaling. Functions for RGS2 in synaptic signaling and plasticity have been examined largely within the hippocampus and VTA. Within the hippocampus, RGS2 regulates short-term synaptic plasticity. High concentrations ...
Discovering the Interaction Propensities of Amino Acids and
... Complexes solved by X-ray crystallography at a resolution better than 3.0 Å were selected. As of September 2002, there were 188 protein-RNA complexes in the PDB database, 139 of them at a resolution of 3.0 Å or better. We used PSI-BLAST (Altschul et al., 1997) for similarity searches on the protein ...
... Complexes solved by X-ray crystallography at a resolution better than 3.0 Å were selected. As of September 2002, there were 188 protein-RNA complexes in the PDB database, 139 of them at a resolution of 3.0 Å or better. We used PSI-BLAST (Altschul et al., 1997) for similarity searches on the protein ...
PLoS Pathogens
... experimentally confirmed T3SEs were collected from the 23 species having at least one characterized T3SE (Table S1). Using a combination of BLASTP, TBLASTX, and pair-wise BLAST (BL2SEQ), we identified two common and interrelated features among T3SEs from all species. First, the N or C terminus of many ...
... experimentally confirmed T3SEs were collected from the 23 species having at least one characterized T3SE (Table S1). Using a combination of BLASTP, TBLASTX, and pair-wise BLAST (BL2SEQ), we identified two common and interrelated features among T3SEs from all species. First, the N or C terminus of many ...
Evolution of Function in Protein Superfamilies, from a Structural
... The recent growth in protein databases has revealed the functional diversity of many protein superfamilies. We have assessed the functional variation of homologous enzyme superfamilies containing two or more enzymes, as de®ned by the CATH protein structure classi®cation, by way of the Enzyme Commiss ...
... The recent growth in protein databases has revealed the functional diversity of many protein superfamilies. We have assessed the functional variation of homologous enzyme superfamilies containing two or more enzymes, as de®ned by the CATH protein structure classi®cation, by way of the Enzyme Commiss ...
Disallowed Ramachandran Conformations of Amino Acid Residues
... Bulky hydrophobic residues which are found predominantly in well packed interiors of proteins like Leu, Ile, Val and Phe do not generally adopt disallowed conformations. The bulky charged residues Glu, Lys and Arg also have a relatively low propensity for backbone distortions. An unusually high prop ...
... Bulky hydrophobic residues which are found predominantly in well packed interiors of proteins like Leu, Ile, Val and Phe do not generally adopt disallowed conformations. The bulky charged residues Glu, Lys and Arg also have a relatively low propensity for backbone distortions. An unusually high prop ...
Molecular Evolution and Structure of a
... and probably other vertebrates express all four isoforms, whereas invertebrates and protista seem to express only one isoform. The muscle isoforms, a-actinin 2 and of aactinin 3 are localized to the Z-disc of the sarcomeres (Blanchard, Ohanian, and Critchley 1989; Mills et al. 2001). These two isofo ...
... and probably other vertebrates express all four isoforms, whereas invertebrates and protista seem to express only one isoform. The muscle isoforms, a-actinin 2 and of aactinin 3 are localized to the Z-disc of the sarcomeres (Blanchard, Ohanian, and Critchley 1989; Mills et al. 2001). These two isofo ...
Recent Advances in Target Characterization and Identification by
... γ-Secretase is an integral membrane protease that cleaves the amyloid precursor proteins (APP) to release Aβ peptides, which have a causative role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) [19,20]. γ-Secretase is a complex of four different integral membrane proteins (presenilin, nicastrin, Ap ...
... γ-Secretase is an integral membrane protease that cleaves the amyloid precursor proteins (APP) to release Aβ peptides, which have a causative role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) [19,20]. γ-Secretase is a complex of four different integral membrane proteins (presenilin, nicastrin, Ap ...
Word
... Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) is an essential cofactor for nearly 60 Escherichia coli enzymes but ...
... Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) is an essential cofactor for nearly 60 Escherichia coli enzymes but ...
Raven/Johnson Biology 8e Chapter 05 – Answers 1. The description
... within the plane of the membrane; however, a membrane is composed of more than just phospholipids. The correct answer is d—membranes are made of proteins and lipids that can freely move D. Answer d is correct. It accounts both for the “mosaic” nature of a membrane and the ability of both the protein ...
... within the plane of the membrane; however, a membrane is composed of more than just phospholipids. The correct answer is d—membranes are made of proteins and lipids that can freely move D. Answer d is correct. It accounts both for the “mosaic” nature of a membrane and the ability of both the protein ...
Raven/Johnson Biology 8e
... within the plane of the membrane; however, a membrane is composed of more than just phospholipids. The correct answer is d—membranes are made of proteins and lipids that can freely move D. Answer d is correct. It accounts both for the “mosaic” nature of a membrane and the ability of both the protein ...
... within the plane of the membrane; however, a membrane is composed of more than just phospholipids. The correct answer is d—membranes are made of proteins and lipids that can freely move D. Answer d is correct. It accounts both for the “mosaic” nature of a membrane and the ability of both the protein ...
Creation/Evolution
... Changes in stop codon meaning must have occurred after meanings were “frozen” in other organisms; alternatively organisms that exhibit them must have evolved from organisms that never shared the universal genetic code All changes in stop codons must include three changes: – Replacement of stop codon ...
... Changes in stop codon meaning must have occurred after meanings were “frozen” in other organisms; alternatively organisms that exhibit them must have evolved from organisms that never shared the universal genetic code All changes in stop codons must include three changes: – Replacement of stop codon ...
Short hydrogen bonds in proteins - Molecular Biophysics Unit
... hydroxyl group (OH) orientation (of Ser, Thr and Tyr) being optimized for formation of hydrogen bonds. It is not clear what percentage of these additional SHBs given by hbplus would be retained after energy minimization and how many more would be added to the amber list. However, it is likely that t ...
... hydroxyl group (OH) orientation (of Ser, Thr and Tyr) being optimized for formation of hydrogen bonds. It is not clear what percentage of these additional SHBs given by hbplus would be retained after energy minimization and how many more would be added to the amber list. However, it is likely that t ...
ZO-3, a Novel Member of the MAGUK Protein Family Found at the
... boundary between the compositionally distinct apical and basolateral plasma membrane domains of epithelial and endothelial cells. The molecular configuration of the tight junction has generated considerable interest in the last decade. Actin filaments (17, 29) and the peripheral membrane proteins ZO ...
... boundary between the compositionally distinct apical and basolateral plasma membrane domains of epithelial and endothelial cells. The molecular configuration of the tight junction has generated considerable interest in the last decade. Actin filaments (17, 29) and the peripheral membrane proteins ZO ...
Protein
Proteins (/ˈproʊˌtiːnz/ or /ˈproʊti.ɨnz/) are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within living organisms, including catalyzing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, responding to stimuli, and transporting molecules from one location to another. Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the nucleotide sequence of their genes, and which usually results in protein folding into a specific three-dimensional structure that determines its activity.A linear chain of amino acid residues is called a polypeptide. A protein contains at least one long polypeptide. Short polypeptides, containing less than about 20-30 residues, are rarely considered to be proteins and are commonly called peptides, or sometimes oligopeptides. The individual amino acid residues are bonded together by peptide bonds and adjacent amino acid residues. The sequence of amino acid residues in a protein is defined by the sequence of a gene, which is encoded in the genetic code. In general, the genetic code specifies 20 standard amino acids; however, in certain organisms the genetic code can include selenocysteine and—in certain archaea—pyrrolysine. Shortly after or even during synthesis, the residues in a protein are often chemically modified by posttranslational modification, which alters the physical and chemical properties, folding, stability, activity, and ultimately, the function of the proteins. Sometimes proteins have non-peptide groups attached, which can be called prosthetic groups or cofactors. Proteins can also work together to achieve a particular function, and they often associate to form stable protein complexes.Once formed, proteins only exist for a certain period of time and are then degraded and recycled by the cell's machinery through the process of protein turnover. A protein's lifespan is measured in terms of its half-life and covers a wide range. They can exist for minutes or years with an average lifespan of 1–2 days in mammalian cells. Abnormal and or misfolded proteins are degraded more rapidly either due to being targeted for destruction or due to being unstable.Like other biological macromolecules such as polysaccharides and nucleic acids, proteins are essential parts of organisms and participate in virtually every process within cells. Many proteins are enzymes that catalyze biochemical reactions and are vital to metabolism. Proteins also have structural or mechanical functions, such as actin and myosin in muscle and the proteins in the cytoskeleton, which form a system of scaffolding that maintains cell shape. Other proteins are important in cell signaling, immune responses, cell adhesion, and the cell cycle. Proteins are also necessary in animals' diets, since animals cannot synthesize all the amino acids they need and must obtain essential amino acids from food. Through the process of digestion, animals break down ingested protein into free amino acids that are then used in metabolism.Proteins may be purified from other cellular components using a variety of techniques such as ultracentrifugation, precipitation, electrophoresis, and chromatography; the advent of genetic engineering has made possible a number of methods to facilitate purification. Methods commonly used to study protein structure and function include immunohistochemistry, site-directed mutagenesis, X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry.