Neighbor-Dependent Ramachandran Probability Distributions of
... used 7070 chains from the PDB to determine the conformational properties of triplets of amino acids, in terms of occupied basins of the Ramachandran map, as well as other distributions such as the pair yi ,yiz1 [28]. They used the data to produce a low-resolution potential energy function for backbo ...
... used 7070 chains from the PDB to determine the conformational properties of triplets of amino acids, in terms of occupied basins of the Ramachandran map, as well as other distributions such as the pair yi ,yiz1 [28]. They used the data to produce a low-resolution potential energy function for backbo ...
Genome segment 5 of Antheraea mylitta cytoplasmic polyhedrosis
... whose five unique channels guide nascent mRNA sequentially to GTase, N-7 methyl transferase and 2′–Omethyl transferase domains in order to fulfil highly coordinated mRNA capping activity [7,8]. The most recent structural comparison via cryo-EM of transcribing and non transcribing BmCPV showed that t ...
... whose five unique channels guide nascent mRNA sequentially to GTase, N-7 methyl transferase and 2′–Omethyl transferase domains in order to fulfil highly coordinated mRNA capping activity [7,8]. The most recent structural comparison via cryo-EM of transcribing and non transcribing BmCPV showed that t ...
Degradation of Organelles or Specific Organelle Components via
... Eukaryotic cells accumulate a considerable amount of biological waste during their life cycle, including aged proteins, protein aggregates, malfunctioning ribosomes and damaged organelles. All of this biological waste has to be removed to prevent its possible toxic effect [1] and reused as a recycle ...
... Eukaryotic cells accumulate a considerable amount of biological waste during their life cycle, including aged proteins, protein aggregates, malfunctioning ribosomes and damaged organelles. All of this biological waste has to be removed to prevent its possible toxic effect [1] and reused as a recycle ...
Transamination Governs Nitrogen Isotope Heterogeneity of Amino
... provides information on trophic systems.1,2 While the bulk δ15N of tissues indicates the trophic position of organisms,3,4 the δ15N of specific compounds has the potential to provide more detailed insights, because different compounds differ in biosynthetic pathways and thus may reveal isotope informat ...
... provides information on trophic systems.1,2 While the bulk δ15N of tissues indicates the trophic position of organisms,3,4 the δ15N of specific compounds has the potential to provide more detailed insights, because different compounds differ in biosynthetic pathways and thus may reveal isotope informat ...
Protein Structure Hierarchy
... protein domain is roughly 25 Å (an extended polypeptide conformation would require ~7 residues to traverse the domain before having to change directions). Turns are located primarily on the protein surface and accordingly, contain polar and charged residues. Antibody recognition, phosphorylation, gl ...
... protein domain is roughly 25 Å (an extended polypeptide conformation would require ~7 residues to traverse the domain before having to change directions). Turns are located primarily on the protein surface and accordingly, contain polar and charged residues. Antibody recognition, phosphorylation, gl ...
Systems‐based analysis of Arabidopsis leaf growth reveals
... Leaves have a central role in plant energy capture and carbon conversion and therefore must continuously adapt their development to prevailing environmental conditions. To reveal the dynamic systems behaviour of leaf development, we profiled Arabidopsis leaf number six in depth at four different grow ...
... Leaves have a central role in plant energy capture and carbon conversion and therefore must continuously adapt their development to prevailing environmental conditions. To reveal the dynamic systems behaviour of leaf development, we profiled Arabidopsis leaf number six in depth at four different grow ...
The Anaerobic (Class III) Ribonucleotide Reductase from Lactococcus lactis
... Expression and Purification of NrdD—E. coli IG016 was grown microaerophilically in 1.6-liter batches at 37 °C in LB medium containing 2% glucose, 150 g/ml kanamycin, and 34 g/ml chloramphenicol with continuous flow-through of 4% CO2 and 96% N2. When the culture had reached mid-log phase (A550 ⫽ 0. ...
... Expression and Purification of NrdD—E. coli IG016 was grown microaerophilically in 1.6-liter batches at 37 °C in LB medium containing 2% glucose, 150 g/ml kanamycin, and 34 g/ml chloramphenicol with continuous flow-through of 4% CO2 and 96% N2. When the culture had reached mid-log phase (A550 ⫽ 0. ...
Biological Membrane Structure By Solid-State NMR
... and biological membranes. Different approaches have been developed to study these systems in which the restricted molecular motions result in broad NMR spectra. This contribution will first present an overview of the different techniques used to study lipid bilayers, namely 31P, 2H and 13C solid-sta ...
... and biological membranes. Different approaches have been developed to study these systems in which the restricted molecular motions result in broad NMR spectra. This contribution will first present an overview of the different techniques used to study lipid bilayers, namely 31P, 2H and 13C solid-sta ...
Kinetic Role of Helix Caps in Protein Folding Is Context
... not native in the p53 TS between the unfolded and the dimeric intermediate states, but almost all residues are highly nativelike in TS from the dimeric intermediate to the tetrameric native state (28). A range of kinetic effects has also been seen in single amino acid mutations at both helix ends in ...
... not native in the p53 TS between the unfolded and the dimeric intermediate states, but almost all residues are highly nativelike in TS from the dimeric intermediate to the tetrameric native state (28). A range of kinetic effects has also been seen in single amino acid mutations at both helix ends in ...
Protein-protein interactions: mechanisms and
... The charge density varies from 0 to 12 charged groups per interface surface (Xu et al., 1997b). The distribution of the opposite charges in the interfaces of the contacting area showed that salt bridges across them are highly favourable (Drozdov-Tikhomirov et al., 2001; Xu et al., 1997a,b). The deso ...
... The charge density varies from 0 to 12 charged groups per interface surface (Xu et al., 1997b). The distribution of the opposite charges in the interfaces of the contacting area showed that salt bridges across them are highly favourable (Drozdov-Tikhomirov et al., 2001; Xu et al., 1997a,b). The deso ...
Modifying the chain-length selectivity of the
... substrate-binding pocket of B.cepacia KWI-56 lipase. Based on the threedimensional structure of the lipase of B.cepacia, the molecular modelling of B.cepacia KWI-56 lipase was carried out by sequence homology using the CPHmodels program, and refined by Discover-3. The backbone of the lipase structur ...
... substrate-binding pocket of B.cepacia KWI-56 lipase. Based on the threedimensional structure of the lipase of B.cepacia, the molecular modelling of B.cepacia KWI-56 lipase was carried out by sequence homology using the CPHmodels program, and refined by Discover-3. The backbone of the lipase structur ...
A comparison of scoring functions for protein sequence
... Motivation: In recent years, several methods have been proposed for aligning two protein sequence profiles, with reported improvements in alignment accuracy and homolog discrimination versus sequence-sequence methods (e.g. BLAST) and profile-sequence methods (e.g. PSIBLAST). Profile-profile alignmen ...
... Motivation: In recent years, several methods have been proposed for aligning two protein sequence profiles, with reported improvements in alignment accuracy and homolog discrimination versus sequence-sequence methods (e.g. BLAST) and profile-sequence methods (e.g. PSIBLAST). Profile-profile alignmen ...
Genetic Dissection of Chloroplast Biogenesis and
... that first serve as storage organs but become photosynthetically active, to the hypogaeic seedlings, where the cotyledons only serve as a storage organ and are not photosynthetic. Herein, we only refer to chloroplast biogenesis and development in epigaeic seedlings. That chloroplast development proc ...
... that first serve as storage organs but become photosynthetically active, to the hypogaeic seedlings, where the cotyledons only serve as a storage organ and are not photosynthetic. Herein, we only refer to chloroplast biogenesis and development in epigaeic seedlings. That chloroplast development proc ...
Amino Acid Sequencing
... undetected can be determined. Biologists believe that the greater the similarity between the amino acid sequences of two organisms, the closer their relationship. Conversely, the greater the differences, the more distant the relationship. Furthermore, biologists have found that such biochemical evid ...
... undetected can be determined. Biologists believe that the greater the similarity between the amino acid sequences of two organisms, the closer their relationship. Conversely, the greater the differences, the more distant the relationship. Furthermore, biologists have found that such biochemical evid ...
food produced from glyphosate
... into sugar beet plants by the addition of two new genes. One of these genes encodes the CP4-EPSPS protein, a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids in plants and microbes that is not sensitive to applications of glyphosate. The second gene, the gox gene, encodes the glyphosate oxidor ...
... into sugar beet plants by the addition of two new genes. One of these genes encodes the CP4-EPSPS protein, a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids in plants and microbes that is not sensitive to applications of glyphosate. The second gene, the gox gene, encodes the glyphosate oxidor ...
food produced from glyphosate tolerant sugar beet line 77
... into sugar beet plants by the addition of two new genes. One of these genes encodes the CP4-EPSPS protein, a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids in plants and microbes that is not sensitive to applications of glyphosate. The second gene, the gox gene, encodes the glyphosate oxidor ...
... into sugar beet plants by the addition of two new genes. One of these genes encodes the CP4-EPSPS protein, a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids in plants and microbes that is not sensitive to applications of glyphosate. The second gene, the gox gene, encodes the glyphosate oxidor ...
The Other Lives of Ribosomal Proteins - PDXScholar
... Cellular mRNAs are produced in the nucleus and exported to the cytoplasm through nuclear pore complexes (NPC) that are found in the nuclear membrane. The correctly processed mRNAs are exported in the form of messenger ribonucleoproteins (mRNPs). Since the NPC allows the passage of only one mRNA mole ...
... Cellular mRNAs are produced in the nucleus and exported to the cytoplasm through nuclear pore complexes (NPC) that are found in the nuclear membrane. The correctly processed mRNAs are exported in the form of messenger ribonucleoproteins (mRNPs). Since the NPC allows the passage of only one mRNA mole ...
enterocolitica Yersinia Type III Secretion System of Properties of the
... no -mercaptoethanol and only 0.1% SDS instead of 2% SDS, the gels contained no SDS, and electrophoresis was performed at 4°C. The detergent-solubilized YscC oligomer was dissociated by treatment with hot phenol (22). Alternatively, the YscC oligomer was dissociated by treatment with trichloroacetic ...
... no -mercaptoethanol and only 0.1% SDS instead of 2% SDS, the gels contained no SDS, and electrophoresis was performed at 4°C. The detergent-solubilized YscC oligomer was dissociated by treatment with hot phenol (22). Alternatively, the YscC oligomer was dissociated by treatment with trichloroacetic ...
Role of lipids in the translocation of proteins across membranes
... also give rise to the protonation of negatively charged side chains, facilitating their insertion into the membrane [34]. Furthermore, the size of the headgroup is of importance, i.e. bulky headgroups leave less space for proteins to insert. Regulation of acyl chain composition is important to keep ...
... also give rise to the protonation of negatively charged side chains, facilitating their insertion into the membrane [34]. Furthermore, the size of the headgroup is of importance, i.e. bulky headgroups leave less space for proteins to insert. Regulation of acyl chain composition is important to keep ...
uncorrected proof
... with the corresponding parameter found in permanent heterocomplexes, which form together with enzyme–inhibitor complexes the most complementary interfaces.21 In a-actinin-3, an eight-residue linker connects the two CH domains in a stable hairpin conformation (Figure 1(c)). Its relative orientation t ...
... with the corresponding parameter found in permanent heterocomplexes, which form together with enzyme–inhibitor complexes the most complementary interfaces.21 In a-actinin-3, an eight-residue linker connects the two CH domains in a stable hairpin conformation (Figure 1(c)). Its relative orientation t ...
Ciliary Microtubule Capping Structures Contain A
... affinity-purified antibodies were tested by immunoblotting as shown in Fig. 4 (lanes 3 and 3') and found to bind exclusively to the 97-kD protein in the cap fraction and to no proteins in the axonemal fraction. The 34-kD polypeptide that occasionally stained in the capping or axonemal fraction was n ...
... affinity-purified antibodies were tested by immunoblotting as shown in Fig. 4 (lanes 3 and 3') and found to bind exclusively to the 97-kD protein in the cap fraction and to no proteins in the axonemal fraction. The 34-kD polypeptide that occasionally stained in the capping or axonemal fraction was n ...
Purified dextransucrase from Pediococcus pentosaceus CRAG3 as
... Glucansucrases (GSs) are large size extracellular enzymes that catalyse the synthesis of different types of α-glucans such as dextran, mutan, alternan and reuteran using sucrose as a substrate. Depending upon the nature of synthesized product they are categorize as dextransucrase (EC 2.4.1.5), alter ...
... Glucansucrases (GSs) are large size extracellular enzymes that catalyse the synthesis of different types of α-glucans such as dextran, mutan, alternan and reuteran using sucrose as a substrate. Depending upon the nature of synthesized product they are categorize as dextransucrase (EC 2.4.1.5), alter ...
Protein
Proteins (/ˈproʊˌtiːnz/ or /ˈproʊti.ɨnz/) are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within living organisms, including catalyzing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, responding to stimuli, and transporting molecules from one location to another. Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the nucleotide sequence of their genes, and which usually results in protein folding into a specific three-dimensional structure that determines its activity.A linear chain of amino acid residues is called a polypeptide. A protein contains at least one long polypeptide. Short polypeptides, containing less than about 20-30 residues, are rarely considered to be proteins and are commonly called peptides, or sometimes oligopeptides. The individual amino acid residues are bonded together by peptide bonds and adjacent amino acid residues. The sequence of amino acid residues in a protein is defined by the sequence of a gene, which is encoded in the genetic code. In general, the genetic code specifies 20 standard amino acids; however, in certain organisms the genetic code can include selenocysteine and—in certain archaea—pyrrolysine. Shortly after or even during synthesis, the residues in a protein are often chemically modified by posttranslational modification, which alters the physical and chemical properties, folding, stability, activity, and ultimately, the function of the proteins. Sometimes proteins have non-peptide groups attached, which can be called prosthetic groups or cofactors. Proteins can also work together to achieve a particular function, and they often associate to form stable protein complexes.Once formed, proteins only exist for a certain period of time and are then degraded and recycled by the cell's machinery through the process of protein turnover. A protein's lifespan is measured in terms of its half-life and covers a wide range. They can exist for minutes or years with an average lifespan of 1–2 days in mammalian cells. Abnormal and or misfolded proteins are degraded more rapidly either due to being targeted for destruction or due to being unstable.Like other biological macromolecules such as polysaccharides and nucleic acids, proteins are essential parts of organisms and participate in virtually every process within cells. Many proteins are enzymes that catalyze biochemical reactions and are vital to metabolism. Proteins also have structural or mechanical functions, such as actin and myosin in muscle and the proteins in the cytoskeleton, which form a system of scaffolding that maintains cell shape. Other proteins are important in cell signaling, immune responses, cell adhesion, and the cell cycle. Proteins are also necessary in animals' diets, since animals cannot synthesize all the amino acids they need and must obtain essential amino acids from food. Through the process of digestion, animals break down ingested protein into free amino acids that are then used in metabolism.Proteins may be purified from other cellular components using a variety of techniques such as ultracentrifugation, precipitation, electrophoresis, and chromatography; the advent of genetic engineering has made possible a number of methods to facilitate purification. Methods commonly used to study protein structure and function include immunohistochemistry, site-directed mutagenesis, X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry.