Turnover-based in vitro selection and evolution of biocatalysts from
... novel protein catalysts remains largely a basic research goal, albeit one with considerable potential once high turnover numbers are achieved1–4. Antibodies are considered useful candidates for mimicking the process of divergent protein evolution. The versatile immunoglobulin structure combines stab ...
... novel protein catalysts remains largely a basic research goal, albeit one with considerable potential once high turnover numbers are achieved1–4. Antibodies are considered useful candidates for mimicking the process of divergent protein evolution. The versatile immunoglobulin structure combines stab ...
Dr. Peter John M.Phil, PhD Assistant Professor
... function lost by the primary mutation. A suppressor mutation that occurs within the same ...
... function lost by the primary mutation. A suppressor mutation that occurs within the same ...
MARINE ICOSAHEDRAL MEMBRANE-CONTAINING - E
... Viruses are obligatory parasites without inherent metabolism. They are dependent on their host’s cellular machineries, which they utilise to accomplish their infection-cycle. To ensure efficient reproduction the virus-specific nucleic acid is encapsidated in a protective shell, which functions as a ...
... Viruses are obligatory parasites without inherent metabolism. They are dependent on their host’s cellular machineries, which they utilise to accomplish their infection-cycle. To ensure efficient reproduction the virus-specific nucleic acid is encapsidated in a protective shell, which functions as a ...
Amino acids in Arctic aerosols
... transport and deposition of particles. Despite this potential, few measurements have been conducted in remote areas to assess amino acid concentrations and potential sources. Polar regions offer a unique opportunity to investigate atmospheric processes and to conduct source apportionment studies of ...
... transport and deposition of particles. Despite this potential, few measurements have been conducted in remote areas to assess amino acid concentrations and potential sources. Polar regions offer a unique opportunity to investigate atmospheric processes and to conduct source apportionment studies of ...
Characterization of the hepatitis B virus matrix domain function in
... hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) since chronic HBV infection accounts for around half of the cases of this tumour. The incidence of HCC among chronic HBV carriers HBV is elevated more than 200-fold compared to non-carriers (Beasley et al., 1981). Furthermore there is a striking correlation between HBV ...
... hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) since chronic HBV infection accounts for around half of the cases of this tumour. The incidence of HCC among chronic HBV carriers HBV is elevated more than 200-fold compared to non-carriers (Beasley et al., 1981). Furthermore there is a striking correlation between HBV ...
Plasma membrane microdomains from hybrid aspen cells are
... sphingolipids, glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchored proteins and proteins covalently modified by lipids carrying long saturated acyl chains [1-4]. A considerable amount of evidence supports their involvement in many cellular processes such as for instance signal transduction [5], intracellula ...
... sphingolipids, glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchored proteins and proteins covalently modified by lipids carrying long saturated acyl chains [1-4]. A considerable amount of evidence supports their involvement in many cellular processes such as for instance signal transduction [5], intracellula ...
Meteoritic Amino Acids: Diversity in Compositions Reflects Parent
... for meteoritic amino acids, laboratory studies in this area have focused primarily on the mechanisms most relevant to the more heavily studied aqueously altered meteorites, such as Streckertype syntheses leading to α-amino acids. Future work is needed to assess the formation potential of other mecha ...
... for meteoritic amino acids, laboratory studies in this area have focused primarily on the mechanisms most relevant to the more heavily studied aqueously altered meteorites, such as Streckertype syntheses leading to α-amino acids. Future work is needed to assess the formation potential of other mecha ...
Structural Basis for Bivalent Smac-Mimetics Recognition in the IAP
... binding of the divalent molecule to two distinct protein domains. Cell based inhibition assays Compounds 2 and 3 were tested for 72 h on HL60 leukemia cells. The results given in Table 1 indicate that the IC50 of the dimeric compound 3 (0.07 μM) is 100-fold lower than that of the monomeric compound ...
... binding of the divalent molecule to two distinct protein domains. Cell based inhibition assays Compounds 2 and 3 were tested for 72 h on HL60 leukemia cells. The results given in Table 1 indicate that the IC50 of the dimeric compound 3 (0.07 μM) is 100-fold lower than that of the monomeric compound ...
Crystallization and X Ray Diffraction Data Analyses of the Enzyme
... electrophile coenzyme, essential for its correct folding and catalysis.21-23 Currently, there are only three UH structures determined crystallographically [Protein Data Bank, PDB, codes 1uwk, 2fkn and 1x8724], however, it is noteworthy that the highest identity [to the one from Pseudomonas putida21] ...
... electrophile coenzyme, essential for its correct folding and catalysis.21-23 Currently, there are only three UH structures determined crystallographically [Protein Data Bank, PDB, codes 1uwk, 2fkn and 1x8724], however, it is noteworthy that the highest identity [to the one from Pseudomonas putida21] ...
Protein translation in Plasmodium parasites
... novo amino acid synthesis means that, during in vitro culture at least, to charge its own tRNAs Plasmodium relies largely on amino acids released from the digestion of host hemoglobin in the parasite food vacuole and on amino acid uptake from the extracellular space [16]. Human hemoglobin is rich in ...
... novo amino acid synthesis means that, during in vitro culture at least, to charge its own tRNAs Plasmodium relies largely on amino acids released from the digestion of host hemoglobin in the parasite food vacuole and on amino acid uptake from the extracellular space [16]. Human hemoglobin is rich in ...
FtsZ - Cytoskeleton, Inc.
... cell division. FtsZ inactivation inhibits cell division, making them attractive targets for novel anti-microbial drugs. Although FtsZ proteins exhibit a degree of homology, inhibitors of the proteins show differential affinities and efficacies. Thus, improved targeting can be achieved by screening s ...
... cell division. FtsZ inactivation inhibits cell division, making them attractive targets for novel anti-microbial drugs. Although FtsZ proteins exhibit a degree of homology, inhibitors of the proteins show differential affinities and efficacies. Thus, improved targeting can be achieved by screening s ...
TESI DOCTORAL NEUROKININ-1 RECEPTOR: STRATEGIES OF EXPRESSION, PURIFICATION AND REFOLDING
... domains in their structure (figure 1.2). The greatest insight into structure/function relationships of GPCRs can be obtained from comparing β2AR and rhodopsin structures (Kobilka and Schertler, 2008). ...
... domains in their structure (figure 1.2). The greatest insight into structure/function relationships of GPCRs can be obtained from comparing β2AR and rhodopsin structures (Kobilka and Schertler, 2008). ...
2. Solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) - RSC Publishing
... blocking group for the amine function which ushered in a new era.2 This general scheme was universally in use for years and it was very effective, for example, for the first synthesis of a peptide hormone by du Vigneaud in 1953.3 Nowadays, one of the main applications of Fischer´s discovery is to cr ...
... blocking group for the amine function which ushered in a new era.2 This general scheme was universally in use for years and it was very effective, for example, for the first synthesis of a peptide hormone by du Vigneaud in 1953.3 Nowadays, one of the main applications of Fischer´s discovery is to cr ...
Extraction and distribution of free amino acids and
... Free amino acids in sediment interstitial water usually constitute less than 1% of the total "dissolved" extractable nitrogen (e.g., Kemp, Mudrochova, 1973). However, free amino acids are probably biologically important in marine sediments, as turnover times from a few minutes (Christensen, Blackbur ...
... Free amino acids in sediment interstitial water usually constitute less than 1% of the total "dissolved" extractable nitrogen (e.g., Kemp, Mudrochova, 1973). However, free amino acids are probably biologically important in marine sediments, as turnover times from a few minutes (Christensen, Blackbur ...
Vanadium-Binding Proteins (Vanabins)
... organism because molecular biology has revealed that ascidians have key chordate features in common with the vertebrates. Moreover, their genome size is relatively small (~160 million bases) and they possess fundamentally all of basic developmental genes. They are, therefore, one of model organisms ...
... organism because molecular biology has revealed that ascidians have key chordate features in common with the vertebrates. Moreover, their genome size is relatively small (~160 million bases) and they possess fundamentally all of basic developmental genes. They are, therefore, one of model organisms ...
Farnesyl diphosphate synthase, the target for nitrogen
... from this sequence [15]. A few use a PTS2 comprising a nonapeptide with the consensus sequence (R/K)(L/I/V/Q)XX(L/I/V/ H/Q)(L/S/G/A/K)X(L/A/F) (where X can be any amino acid) found near the N-terminus [16]. The PTS1 and PTS2 are recognized by the cytosolic import receptors Pex5p and Pex7p respective ...
... from this sequence [15]. A few use a PTS2 comprising a nonapeptide with the consensus sequence (R/K)(L/I/V/Q)XX(L/I/V/ H/Q)(L/S/G/A/K)X(L/A/F) (where X can be any amino acid) found near the N-terminus [16]. The PTS1 and PTS2 are recognized by the cytosolic import receptors Pex5p and Pex7p respective ...
responses of cultured cardiac myocytes to lysosomotropic
... bases failed to enhance acid proteinase secretion into the culture medium but apparently inactivated cellular cathepsin B activity. In contrast, methylated amino acids induced no alterations in acid proteinase activity or the cellular distribution of the two proteolytic enzymes. Lastly, weak bases m ...
... bases failed to enhance acid proteinase secretion into the culture medium but apparently inactivated cellular cathepsin B activity. In contrast, methylated amino acids induced no alterations in acid proteinase activity or the cellular distribution of the two proteolytic enzymes. Lastly, weak bases m ...
Amino acid transporters: roles in amino acid sensing and signalling
... although signalling by the protein kinase mammalian (m) TOR is exquisitely sensitive to amino acid availability, there is no evidence that the kinase is regulated directly by amino acids [22], implying that the initial sensing and signalling events lie upstream of mTOR itself – thus mTOR serves as a ...
... although signalling by the protein kinase mammalian (m) TOR is exquisitely sensitive to amino acid availability, there is no evidence that the kinase is regulated directly by amino acids [22], implying that the initial sensing and signalling events lie upstream of mTOR itself – thus mTOR serves as a ...
Assigned Reading
... organisms, which requires interactions between cells and the surrounding matrix. All cells and numerous macromolecules in nature carry an array of covalently attached sugars (monosaccharides) or sugar chains (oligosaccharides), which are generically referred to as “glycans” in this book. Sometimes, ...
... organisms, which requires interactions between cells and the surrounding matrix. All cells and numerous macromolecules in nature carry an array of covalently attached sugars (monosaccharides) or sugar chains (oligosaccharides), which are generically referred to as “glycans” in this book. Sometimes, ...
Structure and Organelles
... Several organelles are involved in making and processing proteins. • The nucleus stores genetic information. • Many processes occur in the endoplasmic reticulum. • There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum. – rough endoplasmic reticulum – smooth endoplasmic reticulum ...
... Several organelles are involved in making and processing proteins. • The nucleus stores genetic information. • Many processes occur in the endoplasmic reticulum. • There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum. – rough endoplasmic reticulum – smooth endoplasmic reticulum ...
Gelatin fragments block adherence of Candida
... CNBr digests were further separated by column chromatography with Sephadex G-100 into peptides of differing molecular mass it was apparent that the latereluting fractions presumably containing the lower molecular mass peptides possessed the ability to block adherence of the fungus to ECM and its pro ...
... CNBr digests were further separated by column chromatography with Sephadex G-100 into peptides of differing molecular mass it was apparent that the latereluting fractions presumably containing the lower molecular mass peptides possessed the ability to block adherence of the fungus to ECM and its pro ...
The ribosome — a macromolecular machine par excellence
... which enables the translation of the genetic code into a sequence of amino acids: the transfer RNA (tRNA; Figure 1). tRNA is a large, highly stable RNA molecule that is L-shaped, with the short arm ending in a single strand. Three nucleotides at the loop end of the long arm interact with, and recogn ...
... which enables the translation of the genetic code into a sequence of amino acids: the transfer RNA (tRNA; Figure 1). tRNA is a large, highly stable RNA molecule that is L-shaped, with the short arm ending in a single strand. Three nucleotides at the loop end of the long arm interact with, and recogn ...
Protein
Proteins (/ˈproʊˌtiːnz/ or /ˈproʊti.ɨnz/) are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within living organisms, including catalyzing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, responding to stimuli, and transporting molecules from one location to another. Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the nucleotide sequence of their genes, and which usually results in protein folding into a specific three-dimensional structure that determines its activity.A linear chain of amino acid residues is called a polypeptide. A protein contains at least one long polypeptide. Short polypeptides, containing less than about 20-30 residues, are rarely considered to be proteins and are commonly called peptides, or sometimes oligopeptides. The individual amino acid residues are bonded together by peptide bonds and adjacent amino acid residues. The sequence of amino acid residues in a protein is defined by the sequence of a gene, which is encoded in the genetic code. In general, the genetic code specifies 20 standard amino acids; however, in certain organisms the genetic code can include selenocysteine and—in certain archaea—pyrrolysine. Shortly after or even during synthesis, the residues in a protein are often chemically modified by posttranslational modification, which alters the physical and chemical properties, folding, stability, activity, and ultimately, the function of the proteins. Sometimes proteins have non-peptide groups attached, which can be called prosthetic groups or cofactors. Proteins can also work together to achieve a particular function, and they often associate to form stable protein complexes.Once formed, proteins only exist for a certain period of time and are then degraded and recycled by the cell's machinery through the process of protein turnover. A protein's lifespan is measured in terms of its half-life and covers a wide range. They can exist for minutes or years with an average lifespan of 1–2 days in mammalian cells. Abnormal and or misfolded proteins are degraded more rapidly either due to being targeted for destruction or due to being unstable.Like other biological macromolecules such as polysaccharides and nucleic acids, proteins are essential parts of organisms and participate in virtually every process within cells. Many proteins are enzymes that catalyze biochemical reactions and are vital to metabolism. Proteins also have structural or mechanical functions, such as actin and myosin in muscle and the proteins in the cytoskeleton, which form a system of scaffolding that maintains cell shape. Other proteins are important in cell signaling, immune responses, cell adhesion, and the cell cycle. Proteins are also necessary in animals' diets, since animals cannot synthesize all the amino acids they need and must obtain essential amino acids from food. Through the process of digestion, animals break down ingested protein into free amino acids that are then used in metabolism.Proteins may be purified from other cellular components using a variety of techniques such as ultracentrifugation, precipitation, electrophoresis, and chromatography; the advent of genetic engineering has made possible a number of methods to facilitate purification. Methods commonly used to study protein structure and function include immunohistochemistry, site-directed mutagenesis, X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry.