Iron-Binding Activity of FutA1 Subunit of an ABC
... or futC, which encode inner membrane-bound or membraneassociated subunits, respectively, showed poor growth in ironfree BG-11 medium and low activity of ferric iron transport. The double mutant lacking both futA1 and futA2, which encode periplasmic binding proteins, showed the same phenotype as Dfut ...
... or futC, which encode inner membrane-bound or membraneassociated subunits, respectively, showed poor growth in ironfree BG-11 medium and low activity of ferric iron transport. The double mutant lacking both futA1 and futA2, which encode periplasmic binding proteins, showed the same phenotype as Dfut ...
Initiation of Innate Immune Responses in the
... The clotting system is an important reaction in both vertebrates and in invertebrates to prevent blood loss through wounds. The clotting system of a chelicerate, the horseshoe crab Tachypleus tridentatus, has been characterized in great detail (Iwanaga et al., 1998). The coagulation system of the ho ...
... The clotting system is an important reaction in both vertebrates and in invertebrates to prevent blood loss through wounds. The clotting system of a chelicerate, the horseshoe crab Tachypleus tridentatus, has been characterized in great detail (Iwanaga et al., 1998). The coagulation system of the ho ...
An Efficient Protocol for Identifying Separation-of-Function
... A potential solution is to employ missense mutations, referred to as separation-of-function (sof2) alleles, which surgically eliminate a single biochemical function while leaving other activities (and presumably the structural integrity of the protein) intact. The advantages of this particular clas ...
... A potential solution is to employ missense mutations, referred to as separation-of-function (sof2) alleles, which surgically eliminate a single biochemical function while leaving other activities (and presumably the structural integrity of the protein) intact. The advantages of this particular clas ...
Two Plant–Viral Movement Proteins Traffic in the
... expressed in cells to complement the corresponding defective genes in PVX clones, TGB1 and CP rescued mutant virus movement across several cell layers, but TGB2 and TGB3 only facilitated movement of defective virus to the adjacent cells. This indicates that these proteins were not themselves transpo ...
... expressed in cells to complement the corresponding defective genes in PVX clones, TGB1 and CP rescued mutant virus movement across several cell layers, but TGB2 and TGB3 only facilitated movement of defective virus to the adjacent cells. This indicates that these proteins were not themselves transpo ...
RMA1, an Arabidopsis thaliana Gene Whose cDNA Suppresses the
... defect of the secl5 mutation, secretion of invertase (encoded by SUC2) was analyzed. The extracellular invertase activity can be detected by the change of color on a bromocresolpurple (BCP)/sucrose plate. As shown in Fig. IB, the invertase-secreting YPH499 cells (SUC2 SEC15) changed the color of the ...
... defect of the secl5 mutation, secretion of invertase (encoded by SUC2) was analyzed. The extracellular invertase activity can be detected by the change of color on a bromocresolpurple (BCP)/sucrose plate. As shown in Fig. IB, the invertase-secreting YPH499 cells (SUC2 SEC15) changed the color of the ...
Capillary Electrophoresis System
... Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) is a well-established technique to separate and quantify proteins or other macromolecules (such as DNA, RNA) from complex mixtures. It also allowed the measurement of anions in solutions which can be interesting for example to determine the protein binding to metallic ...
... Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) is a well-established technique to separate and quantify proteins or other macromolecules (such as DNA, RNA) from complex mixtures. It also allowed the measurement of anions in solutions which can be interesting for example to determine the protein binding to metallic ...
Thermodynamic analysis of the unfolding and stability of the dimeric
... quite similar in a considerable number of species [10]. It is essential in the assembly of supramolecular nucleoprotein complexes and is also involved in a variety of DNA metabolic events, such as replication, transcription and transposition [11,12]. Its ability to repair DNA [13,14] and to prevent ...
... quite similar in a considerable number of species [10]. It is essential in the assembly of supramolecular nucleoprotein complexes and is also involved in a variety of DNA metabolic events, such as replication, transcription and transposition [11,12]. Its ability to repair DNA [13,14] and to prevent ...
Akashi_Gojobori.PNAS02
... biosynthesis requires diversion of chemical intermediates from different locations in the fueling reaction pathways of central metabolism. Energy, in the form of high-energy phosphate bonds (‘‘⬃P’’) and reducing power (‘‘H’’), is lost through diversion of intermediates from fueling reactions and fur ...
... biosynthesis requires diversion of chemical intermediates from different locations in the fueling reaction pathways of central metabolism. Energy, in the form of high-energy phosphate bonds (‘‘⬃P’’) and reducing power (‘‘H’’), is lost through diversion of intermediates from fueling reactions and fur ...
The Reactions of Diazonium Compounds with Amino Acids and
... neither terminal nor in the ac-position, such as ,8aminobutyric acid, gave diazoaminobenzene as the chief product, and in contrast to the abovementioned amino acids gave no evidence of triazen formation. A similar result was obtained with i8opropylamine, and it is concluded that compounds containing ...
... neither terminal nor in the ac-position, such as ,8aminobutyric acid, gave diazoaminobenzene as the chief product, and in contrast to the abovementioned amino acids gave no evidence of triazen formation. A similar result was obtained with i8opropylamine, and it is concluded that compounds containing ...
Vesicle traffic in the endomembrane system: a tale of COPs, Rabs
... The transport of proteins and membranes between the different compartments of the endomembrane system is mediated by small carriers, the transport vesicles. The basic mechanisms involved in membrane-exchange reactions appear to be the same, irrespective of the organelles involved [2]. The initial st ...
... The transport of proteins and membranes between the different compartments of the endomembrane system is mediated by small carriers, the transport vesicles. The basic mechanisms involved in membrane-exchange reactions appear to be the same, irrespective of the organelles involved [2]. The initial st ...
Probing chromatin-modifying enzymes with chemical tools Wolfgang
... different functional states of chromatin. For instance, di- and tri-methylation of lysine 9 of histone H3 (H3K9me2/3) mediates transcriptional repression and the formation of heterochromatin. In contrast, tri-methylation of lysine 4 of H3 (H3K4me3) is found in the promoter region of active genes. H ...
... different functional states of chromatin. For instance, di- and tri-methylation of lysine 9 of histone H3 (H3K9me2/3) mediates transcriptional repression and the formation of heterochromatin. In contrast, tri-methylation of lysine 4 of H3 (H3K4me3) is found in the promoter region of active genes. H ...
Determination of Protein Molecular Weight
... Background Information Determination of Protein Molecular Weight ...
... Background Information Determination of Protein Molecular Weight ...
The potato NLR immune receptor R3a does not contain
... presence of extraneous integrated domains that may serve as decoys or sensors for pathogen effectors. They reported that a FAM75 domain of unknown function occurs near the C-terminus of the potato late blight NLR protein R3a. Here, we investigated in detail the domain architecture of the R3a protein ...
... presence of extraneous integrated domains that may serve as decoys or sensors for pathogen effectors. They reported that a FAM75 domain of unknown function occurs near the C-terminus of the potato late blight NLR protein R3a. Here, we investigated in detail the domain architecture of the R3a protein ...
week 4 no answers
... iv. This distal His not bounded to the iron has important function like forming hydrogen bonds with the bound oxygen allowing stronger binding. Alpha/Beta Motifs: Most frequent of all the domains -> contains a central beta sheet surrounded by alpha-helices. Commonly found in enzymes as well as prote ...
... iv. This distal His not bounded to the iron has important function like forming hydrogen bonds with the bound oxygen allowing stronger binding. Alpha/Beta Motifs: Most frequent of all the domains -> contains a central beta sheet surrounded by alpha-helices. Commonly found in enzymes as well as prote ...
Studying Protein Flexibility in a Statistical Framework: Tools and
... motions in one comprehensive survey7. NMR47, Time-resolved X-ray crystallography48-50, and computational techniques such as molecular dynamics each contributed to less than 7% of the surveyed motions7. However, it is conceivable that one or more of these latter techniques may become considerably mor ...
... motions in one comprehensive survey7. NMR47, Time-resolved X-ray crystallography48-50, and computational techniques such as molecular dynamics each contributed to less than 7% of the surveyed motions7. However, it is conceivable that one or more of these latter techniques may become considerably mor ...
Solubility-enhancing proteins MBP and NusA play a passive role in
... Two of the passenger proteins that exhibited at least moderate solubility after intracellular processing of the fusion proteins by TEV protease, GFP and DHFR, have biological activities that can be measured. We, therefore, sought to perform a more quantitative assessment of folding eYciency in these ...
... Two of the passenger proteins that exhibited at least moderate solubility after intracellular processing of the fusion proteins by TEV protease, GFP and DHFR, have biological activities that can be measured. We, therefore, sought to perform a more quantitative assessment of folding eYciency in these ...
Biology and computers
... not occur more frequently than every eight residues. Therefore penalties for gaps increase when required at 8 residues or less for alignment. This gives a lower alignment score in that region. A gap weight is assigned after each aa according the frequency that such a gap naturally occurs after that ...
... not occur more frequently than every eight residues. Therefore penalties for gaps increase when required at 8 residues or less for alignment. This gives a lower alignment score in that region. A gap weight is assigned after each aa according the frequency that such a gap naturally occurs after that ...
Chlamydia effector proteins and new insights into chlamydial
... Eventually, most of the cytoplasmic space of the host cell is occupied by the inclusion and EBs exit the host cell. The mechanism of chlamydial exit from infected cells is complex with at least two pathways described, cell lysis by the activation of cysteine proteases and by extrusion of the inclusi ...
... Eventually, most of the cytoplasmic space of the host cell is occupied by the inclusion and EBs exit the host cell. The mechanism of chlamydial exit from infected cells is complex with at least two pathways described, cell lysis by the activation of cysteine proteases and by extrusion of the inclusi ...
Multiple Sequence Alignment
... not occur more frequently than every eight residues. Therefore penalties for gaps increase when required at 8 residues or less for alignment. This gives a lower alignment score in that region. ! A gap weight is assigned after each aa according the frequency that such a gap naturally occurs after t ...
... not occur more frequently than every eight residues. Therefore penalties for gaps increase when required at 8 residues or less for alignment. This gives a lower alignment score in that region. ! A gap weight is assigned after each aa according the frequency that such a gap naturally occurs after t ...
Nomenclature of the ARID family of DNA
... ARID1A and ARID1B are 80% identical within the ARID and approximately 50% identical across their full-length amino acid sequences, although ARID1A has additional glutamine-rich regions and several LXXLL motifs (presumptive nuclear hormone receptor-binding sites) that are not precisely conserved in A ...
... ARID1A and ARID1B are 80% identical within the ARID and approximately 50% identical across their full-length amino acid sequences, although ARID1A has additional glutamine-rich regions and several LXXLL motifs (presumptive nuclear hormone receptor-binding sites) that are not precisely conserved in A ...
Endoplasmic Reticulum Protein Quality Control and
... Arabidopsis has three BiP genes: BiP1, BiP2, and BiP3. AtBiP1 and At-BiP2 are nearly identical in protein sequence. Both are expressed at fairly high levels throughout the plant and are induced by ER stress agents, such as tunicamycin and DTT (Liu et al., 2007a; Iwata et al., 2008), and by heat (Gao ...
... Arabidopsis has three BiP genes: BiP1, BiP2, and BiP3. AtBiP1 and At-BiP2 are nearly identical in protein sequence. Both are expressed at fairly high levels throughout the plant and are induced by ER stress agents, such as tunicamycin and DTT (Liu et al., 2007a; Iwata et al., 2008), and by heat (Gao ...
Amino Acid Fingerprints
... Please consult your current Flinn Scientific Catalog/Reference Manual for general guidelines and specific procedures, and review all federal, state and local regulations that may apply, before proceeding. Blotting paper may be disposed of in the trash following Flinn Suggested Disposal Method #26a. ...
... Please consult your current Flinn Scientific Catalog/Reference Manual for general guidelines and specific procedures, and review all federal, state and local regulations that may apply, before proceeding. Blotting paper may be disposed of in the trash following Flinn Suggested Disposal Method #26a. ...
How can biochemical reactions within cells differ from those in test
... Influence of background interactions upon reaction equilibria and rates Fig. 3 illustrates how nonspecific interactions between reactants and the background can influence the rate and/or equilibrium of a particular reaction – for example the association of two globular proteins, A and B, to form a h ...
... Influence of background interactions upon reaction equilibria and rates Fig. 3 illustrates how nonspecific interactions between reactants and the background can influence the rate and/or equilibrium of a particular reaction – for example the association of two globular proteins, A and B, to form a h ...
Chapters 9 and 10 Lipids and Membranes Lipids
... →Require drastic treatment (detergents or organic solvent) to be separated from the membrane →Removal disrupts the entire membrane structure →Usually contain tightly bound lipid →Have many hydrophobic domains which interact with lipids Protein Function in membranes: 1) catalytic – enzymes 2) transpo ...
... →Require drastic treatment (detergents or organic solvent) to be separated from the membrane →Removal disrupts the entire membrane structure →Usually contain tightly bound lipid →Have many hydrophobic domains which interact with lipids Protein Function in membranes: 1) catalytic – enzymes 2) transpo ...
Ch6-4_Enzymes-New
... active site of enzyme enzyme 1 Substrates enter active site in a specific orientation. ...
... active site of enzyme enzyme 1 Substrates enter active site in a specific orientation. ...
Protein
Proteins (/ˈproʊˌtiːnz/ or /ˈproʊti.ɨnz/) are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within living organisms, including catalyzing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, responding to stimuli, and transporting molecules from one location to another. Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the nucleotide sequence of their genes, and which usually results in protein folding into a specific three-dimensional structure that determines its activity.A linear chain of amino acid residues is called a polypeptide. A protein contains at least one long polypeptide. Short polypeptides, containing less than about 20-30 residues, are rarely considered to be proteins and are commonly called peptides, or sometimes oligopeptides. The individual amino acid residues are bonded together by peptide bonds and adjacent amino acid residues. The sequence of amino acid residues in a protein is defined by the sequence of a gene, which is encoded in the genetic code. In general, the genetic code specifies 20 standard amino acids; however, in certain organisms the genetic code can include selenocysteine and—in certain archaea—pyrrolysine. Shortly after or even during synthesis, the residues in a protein are often chemically modified by posttranslational modification, which alters the physical and chemical properties, folding, stability, activity, and ultimately, the function of the proteins. Sometimes proteins have non-peptide groups attached, which can be called prosthetic groups or cofactors. Proteins can also work together to achieve a particular function, and they often associate to form stable protein complexes.Once formed, proteins only exist for a certain period of time and are then degraded and recycled by the cell's machinery through the process of protein turnover. A protein's lifespan is measured in terms of its half-life and covers a wide range. They can exist for minutes or years with an average lifespan of 1–2 days in mammalian cells. Abnormal and or misfolded proteins are degraded more rapidly either due to being targeted for destruction or due to being unstable.Like other biological macromolecules such as polysaccharides and nucleic acids, proteins are essential parts of organisms and participate in virtually every process within cells. Many proteins are enzymes that catalyze biochemical reactions and are vital to metabolism. Proteins also have structural or mechanical functions, such as actin and myosin in muscle and the proteins in the cytoskeleton, which form a system of scaffolding that maintains cell shape. Other proteins are important in cell signaling, immune responses, cell adhesion, and the cell cycle. Proteins are also necessary in animals' diets, since animals cannot synthesize all the amino acids they need and must obtain essential amino acids from food. Through the process of digestion, animals break down ingested protein into free amino acids that are then used in metabolism.Proteins may be purified from other cellular components using a variety of techniques such as ultracentrifugation, precipitation, electrophoresis, and chromatography; the advent of genetic engineering has made possible a number of methods to facilitate purification. Methods commonly used to study protein structure and function include immunohistochemistry, site-directed mutagenesis, X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry.