Property-Owning Democracy or Economic Democracy?
... adult populations. But these shares can be neither purchased nor sold. They can only be traded for other shares. The value of a share will deviate over time from its initial value, depending on how well the company is doing, so individual portfolios will, over time, shift in value. Those doing bette ...
... adult populations. But these shares can be neither purchased nor sold. They can only be traded for other shares. The value of a share will deviate over time from its initial value, depending on how well the company is doing, so individual portfolios will, over time, shift in value. Those doing bette ...
Robert Cambridge, MA 02138
... theories of population change (Becker and Barro, 1988). A general feature of these models is the presence of constant or increasing returns in the factors that can be accumulated (Rower, 1988, Lucas, 1988, Rebelo, 1987). One strand of the literature on endogenous economic growth concerns models wher ...
... theories of population change (Becker and Barro, 1988). A general feature of these models is the presence of constant or increasing returns in the factors that can be accumulated (Rower, 1988, Lucas, 1988, Rebelo, 1987). One strand of the literature on endogenous economic growth concerns models wher ...
What do we know about the labor share and the profit share? Part I
... treat the determinants and the level of income (both sector consumption / production), but does not compare to the aggregate level of income. These observations give Keynes a special place among the theories of income distribution -for in Keynes there is no distribution theory per se, just hints at ...
... treat the determinants and the level of income (both sector consumption / production), but does not compare to the aggregate level of income. These observations give Keynes a special place among the theories of income distribution -for in Keynes there is no distribution theory per se, just hints at ...
Determining the Price There are two key factors that determine price
... on a daily basis. These calculations are made once or twice per year based on the total costs from the previous time period. ...
... on a daily basis. These calculations are made once or twice per year based on the total costs from the previous time period. ...
Binary Economics: The Economic Theory that Gave Rise
... association (The ESOP Association), that is now celebrating its 50th year in existence, and other organizations established to support employee ownership, including the Ohio Center for Employee Ownership that first published this article in its publication entitled Owners At Work (2006/7). Most peop ...
... association (The ESOP Association), that is now celebrating its 50th year in existence, and other organizations established to support employee ownership, including the Ohio Center for Employee Ownership that first published this article in its publication entitled Owners At Work (2006/7). Most peop ...
Marxism and the Failure of Environmental Protection in Eastern
... not pierce it.4 Between 1971, when Zdenek Kupka declared that the socialist system was solving Ostrava's environmental problems, and 1985, sulfur dioxide concentrations in the area increased by more than fifty percent.' Today Ostrava is a poisoned city situated within the most heavily polluted regio ...
... not pierce it.4 Between 1971, when Zdenek Kupka declared that the socialist system was solving Ostrava's environmental problems, and 1985, sulfur dioxide concentrations in the area increased by more than fifty percent.' Today Ostrava is a poisoned city situated within the most heavily polluted regio ...
Lecture 12
... production costs of a firm to rise, shifting the firm's supply curve to the left. If all factor prices double, costs double. If only one factor price rises, costs rise less than in proportion. ...
... production costs of a firm to rise, shifting the firm's supply curve to the left. If all factor prices double, costs double. If only one factor price rises, costs rise less than in proportion. ...
Income Inequality: Piketty and the Neo-Marxist Revival Thomas H. Mayor
... of their investments in risk-free assets, so let us take an example at the opposite end of the risk spectrum. A portfolio invested 100 percent in U.S. common stocks, according to the best available evidence, would have produced a long-run average return of about 7 percent per year over the rate of i ...
... of their investments in risk-free assets, so let us take an example at the opposite end of the risk spectrum. A portfolio invested 100 percent in U.S. common stocks, according to the best available evidence, would have produced a long-run average return of about 7 percent per year over the rate of i ...
Marx`s Theory of the Money Commodity
... of Tooke. For the first time certain principles of Marx’s final theory are made explicit: money is a commodity, say gold or silver; money is unique amongst ...
... of Tooke. For the first time certain principles of Marx’s final theory are made explicit: money is a commodity, say gold or silver; money is unique amongst ...
7. Explaining Growth since the Industrial Revolution.
... unusual feature of the modern economy, however, is that the gap between the living standards of people in rich and poor economies is seemingly much wider than in the pre-industrial world. In the pre-industrial era the areas with the most favorable demographic factors could attain incomes perhaps fo ...
... unusual feature of the modern economy, however, is that the gap between the living standards of people in rich and poor economies is seemingly much wider than in the pre-industrial world. In the pre-industrial era the areas with the most favorable demographic factors could attain incomes perhaps fo ...
![lecture7_j_profit_revenu [režim kompatibility]](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/002692681_1-f62cf6a04f649c7064660697b3d517aa-300x300.png)
lecture7_j_profit_revenu [režim kompatibility]
... marginal cost. Marginal cost is the additional cost of producing one more unit of output. Marginal revenue is the additional revenue from selling one more unit of output. Profit is maximized at the output level where marginal revenue and marginal cost are equal. The supply rule is: Produce and offer ...
... marginal cost. Marginal cost is the additional cost of producing one more unit of output. Marginal revenue is the additional revenue from selling one more unit of output. Profit is maximized at the output level where marginal revenue and marginal cost are equal. The supply rule is: Produce and offer ...
Evaluating Monopoly - uwcmaastricht-econ
... Economies of scale. If the monopolist succeeds in achieving significant economies of scale, so that its costs fall, shifting the MC curve downwards, then its price and output levels may approach those of PC. Consumers can gain from ES: lower costs → lower prices and larger quantity of output. So ...
... Economies of scale. If the monopolist succeeds in achieving significant economies of scale, so that its costs fall, shifting the MC curve downwards, then its price and output levels may approach those of PC. Consumers can gain from ES: lower costs → lower prices and larger quantity of output. So ...
Document
... Price Floors: Agricultural Price Supports The equilibrium price in the market for wheat is $3.00 per bushel; 2.0 billion bushels are traded at this price. If wheat farmers convince the government to impose a price floor of $3.50 per bushel, quantity traded falls to 1.8 billion. Area A is the surplu ...
... Price Floors: Agricultural Price Supports The equilibrium price in the market for wheat is $3.00 per bushel; 2.0 billion bushels are traded at this price. If wheat farmers convince the government to impose a price floor of $3.50 per bushel, quantity traded falls to 1.8 billion. Area A is the surplu ...
cost of production and cost of goods
... The cost of the expansion and renovation of production. Typically, this large one-time investment of a capital nature under the new or upgraded products. They extend the applicable factors of production, increase the authorized capital. Costs consist of investments in fixed assets, working capital s ...
... The cost of the expansion and renovation of production. Typically, this large one-time investment of a capital nature under the new or upgraded products. They extend the applicable factors of production, increase the authorized capital. Costs consist of investments in fixed assets, working capital s ...
Beyond the 2008 Financial “Crisis”
... category. A forensic re-reading of Marx’s value forms presents minimally a “laboratory” for the re-figuration of economic value forms and maximally a context with which to begin a practical revision of the total value equation, i.e., the composite “cultural economy.” Kapital prematurely closes the v ...
... category. A forensic re-reading of Marx’s value forms presents minimally a “laboratory” for the re-figuration of economic value forms and maximally a context with which to begin a practical revision of the total value equation, i.e., the composite “cultural economy.” Kapital prematurely closes the v ...
"Impact of Firmsâ¬" Earnings and Economic Value
... between different performance measures and stock market returns which indicate that EVA is the most highly correlated measure with stock returns. Various Studies are also conducted on Incremental information content tests of EVA and provide evidences that it adds significant explanatory power to the ...
... between different performance measures and stock market returns which indicate that EVA is the most highly correlated measure with stock returns. Various Studies are also conducted on Incremental information content tests of EVA and provide evidences that it adds significant explanatory power to the ...
Primary and Secondary Markets
... It is easy to see that the sales ratio in Figure 1a plays the role of the first derivative of the curve that represents the stock of products in Figure 1b. The main distinction vis-à-vis the continuous calculus is that maxima or minima are indicated by X = 1 instead of ...
... It is easy to see that the sales ratio in Figure 1a plays the role of the first derivative of the curve that represents the stock of products in Figure 1b. The main distinction vis-à-vis the continuous calculus is that maxima or minima are indicated by X = 1 instead of ...
This PDF is a selection from a published volume from... National Bureau of Economic Research
... Output is defined as value added obtained from the financial statements provided by the National Information and Credit Evaluation. Non-IT fixed capital stock is obtained from the same source by subtracting IT capital stock from the fixed assets. Non-IT labor input is defined as total labor expense ...
... Output is defined as value added obtained from the financial statements provided by the National Information and Credit Evaluation. Non-IT fixed capital stock is obtained from the same source by subtracting IT capital stock from the fixed assets. Non-IT labor input is defined as total labor expense ...
Chapter 6
... Land: includes renewable (forests) and nonrenewable (minerals) resources Labor: all owner and hired labor services, excluding management Capital: manufactured goods such as fuel, chemicals, tractors and buildings Management: production decisions designed to achieve specific economic goal Page 11 ...
... Land: includes renewable (forests) and nonrenewable (minerals) resources Labor: all owner and hired labor services, excluding management Capital: manufactured goods such as fuel, chemicals, tractors and buildings Management: production decisions designed to achieve specific economic goal Page 11 ...
Ecosystem Service Valuation
... • InVEST provides rapid and conservative estimates – Best used to compare tradeoffs of alternative scenarios – Validated value estimates better for absolute magnitude ...
... • InVEST provides rapid and conservative estimates – Best used to compare tradeoffs of alternative scenarios – Validated value estimates better for absolute magnitude ...
Valuation_Training - Natural Capital Project
... • InVEST provides rapid and conservative estimates – Best used to compare tradeoffs of alternative scenarios – Validated value estimates better for absolute magnitude ...
... • InVEST provides rapid and conservative estimates – Best used to compare tradeoffs of alternative scenarios – Validated value estimates better for absolute magnitude ...
Labor Flow Link - northwesterndebateinstitute2012
... are also indications that such stagnation is cyclical and that transportation plays a crucial role in these cycles. Admittedly, when dealing with long time periods it is difficult to distinguish between cycles and stages (Day 1976), but on the basis of ¶ shorter time periods there is a clear relatio ...
... are also indications that such stagnation is cyclical and that transportation plays a crucial role in these cycles. Admittedly, when dealing with long time periods it is difficult to distinguish between cycles and stages (Day 1976), but on the basis of ¶ shorter time periods there is a clear relatio ...
BOH
... 2. While some scholars see mercantilism as the earliest stage of capitalism, others argue that capitalism did not emerge until later. For example, Karl Polanyi, noted that "mercantilism, with its tendency toward commercialization, never attacked the safeguards which protected the two basic elements ...
... 2. While some scholars see mercantilism as the earliest stage of capitalism, others argue that capitalism did not emerge until later. For example, Karl Polanyi, noted that "mercantilism, with its tendency toward commercialization, never attacked the safeguards which protected the two basic elements ...
Macroeconomics - University of Oxford
... • Over time, factors cannot earn economic rents unless their supply is restricted, even then, other factors can be used as substitutes; ...
... • Over time, factors cannot earn economic rents unless their supply is restricted, even then, other factors can be used as substitutes; ...
Surplus value
Surplus value is a central concept in Karl Marx's critique of political economy. Marx did not himself invent the term, he developed the concept. ""Surplus value"" is a translation of the German word ""Mehrwert"", which simply means value added (sales revenue less the cost of materials used up). Conventionally, value-added is equal to the sum of gross wage income and gross profit income. However, Marx's use of this concept is different, because for Marx, the Mehrwert refers to the yield, profit or return on production capital invested, i.e. the amount of the increase in the value of capital. Hence, Marx's use of Mehrwert has always been translated as ""surplus value"", distinguishing it from ""value-added"". According to Marx's theory, surplus value is equal to the new value created by workers in excess of their own labour-cost, which is appropriated by the capitalist as profit when products are sold.Marx thought that the gigantic increase in wealth and population from the 19th century onwards was mainly due to the competitive striving to obtain maximum surplus-value from the employment of labor, resulting in an equally gigantic increase of productivity and capital resources. To the extent that increasingly the economic surplus is convertible into money and expressed in money, the amassment of wealth is possible on a larger and larger scale (see capital accumulation and surplus product).