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kesehatan reproduksi
kesehatan reproduksi

... closely to ensure that she does not have the hallmark indications of secondary dysmenorrhea. ...
Ob/Gyn Turkey Book
Ob/Gyn Turkey Book

... Percreta: penetrates the myometrium (may invade bladder, etc) Risk factors: prior C/S, other uterine surgery Premature rupture of membranes (PROM) Definition: spontaneous rupture of fetal membranes before the onset of labor regardless of gestational age Presentation: gush of fluid from the vagina fo ...
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) GHPI0772_07_15_
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) GHPI0772_07_15_

... Common PCOS treatment options include: Weight loss - weight loss will help to regulate insulin levels and help to restore ovulation and menstrual cycles. Birth control pills - pills that contain oestrogen and progesterone will help to regulate the menstrual cycles and decrease the appearance of hair ...
Diabetes and Pregnancy
Diabetes and Pregnancy

... urgent further assessment usually involving hospital admission for intravenous insulin and dextrose. Women must be advised to contact either their DSN, hospital team or GP in such circumstances without delay. The most common cause of ketosis in pregnancy is urinary tract infection, which should be t ...
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS)
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS)

... Endometrial cancer develops from the glands whereas ESS from different types of cell. ESS tends to be less aggressive and occurs in women younger than the average age for uterine cancers. An young patient of 31 years complained of irregular bleeding per vagina (P/V) following medical termination of ...
Heavy menstrual bleeding
Heavy menstrual bleeding

Contraception in Adolescents
Contraception in Adolescents

... women who also had aura had a higher risk of stroke than those without aura. Women with a history of migraine who use COCs are about 2 to 4 times as likely to have an ischemic stroke as non-users with a history of migraine. ...
Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding
Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding

... Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) is • as ABNORMAL uterine bleeding defined demonstrable organic cause, with no extragenital. genital or Diagnosis of EXCLUSION• Patients present with “abnormal uterine • bleeding” DUB occurs most often shortly after • at the end of the menarche and reproductive ye ...
Menstruation: Balance and Imbalance. Herbal Programs to Help
Menstruation: Balance and Imbalance. Herbal Programs to Help

... and uterine balloon therapy, as well as hysterectomy. Non-surgical pharmacological treatments for fibroid tumors include GnRH agonists, oral contraceptives, androgens, RU486 (the abortion pill), and gestrinone. Some women find natural progesterone to be an effective treatment for uterine fibroid tum ...
Summary Notes Week 1
Summary Notes Week 1

... created  BUT  will  remain  in  an  inactive  state.   ...
Homoeopathic Treatment for Gynaecological
Homoeopathic Treatment for Gynaecological

... female genitalia, while Ignatia has a positive influence on nervous disorders and moodiness2). The homeopathic remedy ...
Post-Operative Instructions Dilatation and Curettage
Post-Operative Instructions Dilatation and Curettage

... It is normal to have a light pink to brownish red discharge for 7 days. Your next menses may be early or slightly delayed. Rest for 24 hours, and then resume normal activities as tolerated. Tylenol or Advil is usually sufficient to relieve any cramping. Bathe or shower as preferred Resume your medic ...
ob-gyn emergencies - faculty at Chemeketa
ob-gyn emergencies - faculty at Chemeketa

... At birth, pressure changes cause ductus arteriosus & ductus venosus to close. ...
to view full article
to view full article

... their late 30s or early 40s who have decided to wait to start a family may find conception difficult. Hormonal dysfunctions, such as ovarian cysts, polycystic ovarian syndrome, fibroids, premenstrual syndrome, endometriosis, and other hormonal dysfunction-related conditions, can contribute to the vi ...
OB case presentation
OB case presentation

... Chief complaint • Heavy menstrual bleeding ...
Women`s Health Partners, LLC
Women`s Health Partners, LLC

... healthy endometrial lining for a fertilized egg to grow in. Once a month, if a woman does not become pregnant, the "old" lining is shed through the cervical canal with the menstrual period and replaced with "new" lining in preparation for pregnancy. This cycle is repeated throughout a woman's lifeti ...
Septic miscarriage
Septic miscarriage

...  60% to 70% occur during the first trimester.  Most miscarriages occur during the first 7 weeks of pregnancy.  The rate of miscarriage drops after the detection of fetal heart. ...
Treatment Options for First Trimester Loss
Treatment Options for First Trimester Loss

... Cervical cerclage is the treatment that is offered. This involves placing a stitch high up around the cervix to try & keep it closed. The stitch can be placed either vaginally or via an abdominal incision. The latter is usually used when vaginally placed stitches fail. They are called McDonald or Sh ...
REVIEW History of the study of uterine cavity O&G Forum 2006;16:38-42
REVIEW History of the study of uterine cavity O&G Forum 2006;16:38-42

... level. The risk of deep vein thrombosis with high dose estrogen exists. A low dose contraceptive pill can be prescribed after the bleeding has been controlled. The quantity of menstrual flow is decreased by 50-60% when oral contraceptives are used longterm. NSAIDS inhibit endogenous prostaglandin pr ...
Rajiv Gandhi University Of Health Sciences Bengaluru, Karnataka A
Rajiv Gandhi University Of Health Sciences Bengaluru, Karnataka A

... One of the major physiological changes that take place in adolescent girls is onset of menarche which is usually associated with a number of problems among which dysmenorrhea is the most common. Menarche expresses normal, regular menstruation that lasts for a few days, but anywhere from 2 to 8 days ...
To determine the use of an LNG-IUS for conservative management
To determine the use of an LNG-IUS for conservative management

... effects were often transient and generally well tolerated; the side effects profile was similar to that previously described for the device 3. The exact mechanism by which this device is effective is uncertain, but we believe that this may be achieved via both local and systemic routes. The hypomen ...
The Menopausal Patient - DMC Huron Valley
The Menopausal Patient - DMC Huron Valley

... In patients with a history of severe vasomotor symptoms at baseline, a very gradual taper (typically over six months to one year) is suggested. The North American Menopause Society suggests that after a failed attempt at stopping therapy, extended use of hormone therapy may be reasonable in women wh ...
Adolescent QOD
Adolescent QOD

... Osteopenia in a previously healthy female usually is the result of a hypoestrogenic state. Common causes include malnutrition, as in anorexia nervosa and female athlete triad (disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis), or medicationinduced, as with depot medroxyprogesterone acetate. Primary o ...
Body Mass Index (BMI) and Fertility GHPI0773_07_15_
Body Mass Index (BMI) and Fertility GHPI0773_07_15_

... This leaflet has been given to you to answer some of the questions you may have as you have been advised to alter your life style modification to improve fertility. Being overweight has an adverse effect on reproduction. Where assisted conception treatment is used, recent evidence has shown a decrea ...
Amenorrhea - Hormone Health Network
Amenorrhea - Hormone Health Network

... not having menstrual periods. There are two types of amenorrhea: • Primary amenorrhea: when a girl has not started having periods by age 15 (or within 5 years of the first signs of puberty) • Secondary amenorrhea: when a girl or woman has been having periods but then stops having them for at least ...
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Menstruation



Menstruation, also known as a period or monthly, is the regular discharge of blood and mucosal tissue from the inner lining of the uterus through the vagina. Up to 80% of women report having some symptoms prior to menstruation. Common symptoms include acne, tender breasts, bloating, feeling tired, irritability, and mood changes. These symptoms interfere with normal life and therefore qualify as premenstrual syndrome in 20 to 30% of women. In 3 to 8%, they are severe.The first period usually begins between twelve and fifteen years of age, a point in time known as menarche. However, periods may occasionally start as young as eight years old and still be considered ""normal"". The average age of the first period is generally later in the developing world and earlier in developed world. The typical length of time between the first day of one period and the first day of the next is 21 to 45 days in young women and 21 to 31 days in adults (an average of 28 days). Menstruation stops occurring after menopause which usually occurs between 45 and 55 years of age. Bleeding usually lasts around 2 to 7 days.The menstrual cycle occurs due to the rise and fall of hormones. This cycle results in the thickening of the lining of the uterus and production of an egg which is required for pregnancy. The egg is released around day fourteen in the cycle and the thickened lining of the uterus is to provide nutrients for a potential developing baby. If pregnancy does not occur, the lining is released in what is known as menstruation.A number of problems with menstruation may occur. A lack of periods, known as amenorrhea, is when periods do not occur by age 15 or have not occurred in 90 days. Periods also stop during pregnancy and typically do not resume during the initial months of breastfeeding. Other problems include painful periods and abnormal bleeding such as bleeding between periods or heavy bleeding. Menstruation also occurs in some other animals including shrews, bats, and other primates such as apes and monkeys.
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