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06_Metabolism of lipid
06_Metabolism of lipid

... • two lipoproteins — apo B-100 and apo E • the main transport form of TGs synthesized in the organism (liver) • deliver the TGs from liver to peripheral tissue (muscle for energy, adipose for storage) • bind to membrane-bound lipoprotein lipases (triacylglycerols are again degraded into free fatty a ...
Investigation of asparagine deamidation in a SOD1
Investigation of asparagine deamidation in a SOD1

... mixture was then analyzed by MALDI-TOF with particular attention paid to peptides containing amino acid 26. The determined m/z value of the peptide 25–40 resulting from the digest revealed that the peptide mass is nearly 1 Da higher than expected (Fig.  3a). Atypical isotopic distribution of the pep ...
Antagonistic activities of lactic acid bacteria in food and feed
Antagonistic activities of lactic acid bacteria in food and feed

... solubility in water, acids with chain lengths greater than C1o or C n are not particularly efficient in this regard, and those with chain lengths greater than Cs are usually ineffective against Gramnegative bacteria [36]. Lipophilic acids such as acetic and lactic acid in their undissociated form ca ...
Sites of enzyme activity along the nephron
Sites of enzyme activity along the nephron

... within the proximal tubule as suggested previously by others [5]. Consideration of hexokinase and pyruvate kinase in the various structures of the distal tubule leads to the conclusion that these structures have a relatively high glycolytic capacity.3 Sodium reabsorption. Cohen and Barac-Nieto [5] h ...
Calvin cycle
Calvin cycle

... known (erroneously) as the "dark reaction" or "dark stage," uses the energy from short-lived electronically-excited carriers to convert carbon dioxide and water into organic compounds[2] that can be used by the organism (and by animals that feed on it). This set of reactions is also called carbon fi ...
Chapter 9
Chapter 9

... Regulation of Cellular Respiration via Feedback Mechanisms • Feedback inhibition is the most common mechanism for control • If ATP concentration begins to drop, respiration speeds up; when there is plenty of ATP, respiration slows down • Control of catabolism is based mainly on regulating the activ ...
Multiple Sclerosis and Epstein‐Barr Virus Infection An Epitope
Multiple Sclerosis and Epstein‐Barr Virus Infection An Epitope

... and  neurodegenerative  disease  of  the  central  nervous  system.  Although  the  precise  etiology  of  MS  is  unknown,  data  from  epidemiological,  genetic  and  twin  studies  suggest  that  MS  develops  in  genetically  susceptible  individuals  through  the  interaction with environmental ...
Nucleotide Metabolism - Oregon State University
Nucleotide Metabolism - Oregon State University

... Nucleotides Made from Very Simple Molecules - Amino Acids, One Carbon Donors, CO2 Synthesis Very Tightly Regulated - Imbalances Favor Mutation Purine Synthesis Begins on the Ribose Sugar Pyrimidine Rings Synthesized Separate from Sugar and Then Attached ...
Cellular Respiration Oxidation of Pyruvate Krebs Cycle
Cellular Respiration Oxidation of Pyruvate Krebs Cycle

chapt06HOv2.ppt
chapt06HOv2.ppt

... Pyruvate Yields ...
Mutational analysis of exoribonuclease I from Saccharomyces
Mutational analysis of exoribonuclease I from Saccharomyces

... most in vivo and in vitro functions but confers a dominant negative growth inhibition when expressed at high levels. This growth inhibition is not due to the exonuclease function of the protein. To identify specific residues responsible for in vivo function, a screen was carried out for non-compleme ...
December 9, 2005 12:54 WSPC/INSTRUCTION FILE jbcb1 THE
December 9, 2005 12:54 WSPC/INSTRUCTION FILE jbcb1 THE

Nucleotide Metabolism
Nucleotide Metabolism

... Nucleotides Made from Very Simple Molecules - Amino Acids, One Carbon Donors, CO2 Synthesis Very Tightly Regulated - Imbalances Favor Mutation Purine Synthesis Begins on the Ribose Sugar Pyrimidine Rings Synthesized Separate from Sugar and Then Attached ...
Off-the-Vine Ripening of Tomato Fruit Causes Alteration
Off-the-Vine Ripening of Tomato Fruit Causes Alteration

... -aminobutyrate (GABA), which is catabolized to succinic semialdehyde (SSA) by the GABA transaminase (GABA-T; EC 2.6.1.19) reaction in the mitochondria [15]. SSA can be further metabolized to succinate by SSA dehydrogenase (SSADH; EC 1.2.1.16). These three enzymes constitute the GABA shunt, a metabo ...
"Fermentation Pathways". In: Microbial Physiology (Fourth Edition)
"Fermentation Pathways". In: Microbial Physiology (Fourth Edition)

... The fermentation products formed by yeast can also be altered drastically through metabolic engineering. For example, introduction of a lactate dehydrogenase gene from bovine muscle (LDH-A) into S. cerevisiae engenders the production of lactic acid at levels rivaling those achieved by lactic acid ba ...
Double muscling in cattle due to mutations in the myostatin gene
Double muscling in cattle due to mutations in the myostatin gene

... sequences of nine other vertebrate species and the identification of mutations in the coding sequence of bovine myostatin in two breeds of double-muscled cattle, Belgian Blue and Piedmontese, which are known to have an increase in muscle mass relative to conventional cattle. The Belgian Blue myostat ...
PowerPoint 演示文稿
PowerPoint 演示文稿

... aminoacyl-tRNAs to bind to their codons on mRNA. small subunit of the ribosome is bound to mRNA large subunit carries the nascent polypeptide. A ribosome moves along mRNA from an initiation site in the 5′ region to a termination site in the 3′ region, and the appropriate aminoacyl-tRNAs respond to t ...
"An Introduction to Sequence Similarity ("Homology") Searching". In
"An Introduction to Sequence Similarity ("Homology") Searching". In

... requires j-1 gaps in sequence B, so S(1,j)=(j-1)δ + score(a1 ,bj ). Once the top row and first column are initialized, the entire matrix can be filled following the simple rule shown in Figure 3.1.1, and the score of the best possible alignment of the two sequences is the element in the lower right ...
Analysis of TETRAKETIDE a-PYRONE
Analysis of TETRAKETIDE a-PYRONE

... showed that the oxidoreductases belong to a gene family conserved from mosses to flowering plants. Since similar gene conservation holds true for PKSA, PKSB, and ACOS5 genes, it appears that the whole biosynthetic pathway leading from medium or long-chain fatty acids to sporopollenin units is highly ...
LITERATURE REVIEW: 1) Citric acid production by Aspergillusniger
LITERATURE REVIEW: 1) Citric acid production by Aspergillusniger

... importantcommercial product with global production reaching 736,000 tons/yr. Furthermore, it isproduced almost through the submerged fermentation of the white rot fungus (Jianlong 2000). Citric acid is widely used in the food, beverage,pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries and it has other applicat ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis

Nonenzymatic, Self-Elimination Degradation
Nonenzymatic, Self-Elimination Degradation

... three cases of pH (Fig. 4, d – f, and Fig. 5, b). To study the effect of the ionic strength on degradation, similar studies were performed using 20 mm sodium phosphate buffer. It was observed that different ionic strength at the same pH does not affect the degradation time (Fig. 4, g – i, and Fig. 5 ...
103 Lecture Ch23b
103 Lecture Ch23b

... • Glucose-1-phosphate can be converted to glucose-6phosphate, which can enter glycolysis • Phosphorylated glucose can’t be absorbed into cells - in the liver and kidneys, glucose-6-phosphate can be hydrolized to glucose • Glycogenolysis is activated by glucogon in the liver and epinephrine in muscle ...
Methylation and Glutathione, Keys to Chronic
Methylation and Glutathione, Keys to Chronic

... Six have shown a methylation cycle partial block and depletion of reduced glutathione relative to oxidized glutathione. The seventh had a methylation cycle block but normal glutathione levels. Data from more patients are needed. ...
Methylation and Glutathione, Keys to Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Methylation and Glutathione, Keys to Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

... Six have shown a methylation cycle partial block and depletion of reduced glutathione relative to oxidized glutathione. The seventh had a methylation cycle block but normal glutathione levels. Data from more patients are needed. ...
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Amino acid synthesis

Amino acid synthesis is the set of biochemical processes (metabolic pathways) by which the various amino acids are produced from other compounds. The substrates for these processes are various compounds in the organism's diet or growth media. Not all organisms are able to synthesise all amino acids. Humans are excellent example of this, since humans can only synthesise 11 of the 20 standard amino acids (aka non-essential amino acid), and in time of accelerated growth, arginine, can be considered an essential amino acid.A fundamental problem for biological systems is to obtain nitrogen in an easily usable form. This problem is solved by certain microorganisms capable of reducing the inert N≡N molecule (nitrogen gas) to two molecules of ammonia in one of the most remarkable reactions in biochemistry. Ammonia is the source of nitrogen for all the amino acids. The carbon backbones come from the glycolytic pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, or the citric acid cycle.In amino acid production, one encounters an important problem in biosynthesis, namely stereochemical control. Because all amino acids except glycine are chiral, biosynthetic pathways must generate the correct isomer with high fidelity. In each of the 19 pathways for the generation of chiral amino acids, the stereochemistry at the α-carbon atom is established by a transamination reaction that involves pyridoxal phosphate. Almost all the transaminases that catalyze these reactions descend from a common ancestor, illustrating once again that effective solutions to biochemical problems are retained throughout evolution.Biosynthetic pathways are often highly regulated such that building-blocks are synthesized only when supplies are low. Very often, a high concentration of the final product of a pathway inhibits the activity of enzymes that function early in the pathway. Often present are allosteric enzymes capable of sensing and responding to concentrations of regulatory species. These enzymes are similar in functional properties to aspartate transcarbamoylase and its regulators. Feedback and allosteric mechanisms ensure that all twenty amino acids are maintained in sufficient amounts for protein synthesis and other processes.
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