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Can sugars be produced from fatty acids? A test
Can sugars be produced from fatty acids? A test

... Graph theory is another approach to studying metabolic networks based on the concept that these networks can be described as a simple graph (where nodes and edges represent metabolites and reactions, respectively) or as a bipartite graph (where two or more nodes, metabolites, connect to a common nod ...
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... and quaternary structures of proteins. This activity is supported by many activities that deal with the attractions between atoms and molecules. First, Electrostatics focuses on the attraction of positive and negative charges. This will play a role in understanding salt bridges, hydrogen bonding and ...
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... Flexagen™ is an innovative composition of two forms of collagen: native, type II and collagen hydrolysate, enriched with a complex of minerals: calcium and phosphorus (Calci-K™, Albion®), manganese and copper in the form of amino acid chelates Albion®, magnesium and vitamins: C, B6. What is collagen ...
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... corresponding intron/exon boundaries. If clinically indicated, for patients who have a single mutation identified after full sequencing of all three genes, or when otherwise appropriate, GeneDx will perform reflex deletion/duplication testing (ExonArrayDx) of the appropriate gene at no additional ch ...
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... paper impregnated with an indicator ◦ Merely dipping the paper in the unknown sol’n produces a color on the paper which can be compared with charts supplied by the manufacture ◦ This is of value to diabetic patients for testing the actual acidity of the urine ...
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Respiration - Biology Innovation

... In aerobic respiration the electron transport chain turns NADH back into NAD with the aid of oxygen and thus recycles the NAD. With anaerobic respiration the shortage of oxygen in the cells means that they must find another way to convert NADH back into NAD, this process is called fermentation. Lact ...
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Chapter 6 "Mechanisms of Enzymes" Reading Assignment: pp. 158

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Chapter 16 - Enterobacteriaceae
Chapter 16 - Enterobacteriaceae

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Amino acid synthesis

Amino acid synthesis is the set of biochemical processes (metabolic pathways) by which the various amino acids are produced from other compounds. The substrates for these processes are various compounds in the organism's diet or growth media. Not all organisms are able to synthesise all amino acids. Humans are excellent example of this, since humans can only synthesise 11 of the 20 standard amino acids (aka non-essential amino acid), and in time of accelerated growth, arginine, can be considered an essential amino acid.A fundamental problem for biological systems is to obtain nitrogen in an easily usable form. This problem is solved by certain microorganisms capable of reducing the inert N≡N molecule (nitrogen gas) to two molecules of ammonia in one of the most remarkable reactions in biochemistry. Ammonia is the source of nitrogen for all the amino acids. The carbon backbones come from the glycolytic pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, or the citric acid cycle.In amino acid production, one encounters an important problem in biosynthesis, namely stereochemical control. Because all amino acids except glycine are chiral, biosynthetic pathways must generate the correct isomer with high fidelity. In each of the 19 pathways for the generation of chiral amino acids, the stereochemistry at the α-carbon atom is established by a transamination reaction that involves pyridoxal phosphate. Almost all the transaminases that catalyze these reactions descend from a common ancestor, illustrating once again that effective solutions to biochemical problems are retained throughout evolution.Biosynthetic pathways are often highly regulated such that building-blocks are synthesized only when supplies are low. Very often, a high concentration of the final product of a pathway inhibits the activity of enzymes that function early in the pathway. Often present are allosteric enzymes capable of sensing and responding to concentrations of regulatory species. These enzymes are similar in functional properties to aspartate transcarbamoylase and its regulators. Feedback and allosteric mechanisms ensure that all twenty amino acids are maintained in sufficient amounts for protein synthesis and other processes.
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