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IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS) e-ISSN: 2278-3008, p-ISSN:2319-7676.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS) e-ISSN: 2278-3008, p-ISSN:2319-7676.

... 2005. The annual number of AIDS deaths can be expected to increase for many years to come, unless more effective and patient compliant anti-retroviral medications are available at affordable prices [3]. The major drawbacks of antiretroviral drugs for the treatment of AIDS are their adverse side effe ...
Artemisia annua (Asteraceae) Description of the plant Plant parts
Artemisia annua (Asteraceae) Description of the plant Plant parts

... Hepatocarcinoma cells (SMMC-7721) were treated with essential oil of A.annua 100 µg/ml for 24h. By this treatment apoptosis was induced, verified by light and electronic microscopy and Giemsa stain. The apoptosis was observed by condensated cytoplasm, fragmentation of nuclear chromatin and apoptosis ...
Cadherin Expression by Embryonic Divisions and
Cadherin Expression by Embryonic Divisions and

... reflected, in part, by the regional and differential expression of cadherins. Each cadherin-defined diencephalic division is secondarily transformed to give rise to a fully developed domain of gray matter in the mature diencephalon, which extends radially from the ventricular surface to the pial sur ...
Common and Distinct Neural Substrates for Pragmatic, Semantic
Common and Distinct Neural Substrates for Pragmatic, Semantic

... This example is adapted from that given in Spoken Language Comprehension (p. 107) by L.K. Tyler, 1992, London: MIT Press. ...
Where in the brain is morality?
Where in the brain is morality?

... where in the brain is morality? This focus was due in part to an underlying assumption that we already had an important sense of the “what”—that is, the nature of moral content and perhaps even uniquely moral content.1 Thus, many moral neuroscientists embarked on an investigation to locate the propr ...
Vision for Prehension in the Medial Parietal Cortex - Gallettilab
Vision for Prehension in the Medial Parietal Cortex - Gallettilab

... cortex (see Fig. 1C). This cortical region belongs to the classic visual association cortex, namely area 19 of Brodmann (for a thorough review on this topic, see Gamberini et al. 2015). However, since the first description of this region, it was evident that not all neurons were visually activated. C ...
Full-Text PDF
Full-Text PDF

... In the light of these findings an ever-increasing role of thrombin in health and disease in our brain becomes evident. In neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) thrombin has been found in the neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and senile plaques of affected patients [63]. Microglia ...
3. ACHIEVEment of policy goals
3. ACHIEVEment of policy goals

... Containment of drug expenditures ..................................................................................................62 Sustainability and equity of financing for pharmaceuticals ............................................................63 Efficiency of expenditures in the pharmaceut ...
stretch reflex 2
stretch reflex 2

... ●Mechanism of clonus: • Clonus is the result of a stretch reflex inverse stretch reflex sequence, which occurs as follows : • Sudden stretch of the ms results in its contraction through the stretch reflex. • This is followed by relaxation due to; a) stoppage of impulse discharge from the ms spindles ...
PhD thesis
PhD thesis

... ABSTRACT  Over  the  past  decades  there  has  been  increasing  focus  on  the  effects  of  endocrine  disrupting compounds (EDCs) on humans. However, pharmaceuticals have not received  much attention as potential EDCs, even though several classes of drugs e.g. antiepileptic  drugs (AEDs), select ...
View Product Information
View Product Information

... development (latter half of pregnancy, infancy and childhood to the age of 8 years) may cause permanent discolouration of the teeth (yellow-grey-brown). This adverse reaction is more common during long term use of the drugs but has been observed following repeated short-term courses. Enamel hypoplas ...
t.5
t.5

... S.U.'s age and history of cardiac disease place him at higher risk for TCA toxicity than other patient. Therefore, he should started on the lowest available dose (10-25 mg/day). Even though these low doses are unlikely to result in a therapeutic response, concern for both the cardiovascular and othe ...
From Medscape General Medicine
From Medscape General Medicine

... Melatonin is a ubiquitous natural neurotransmitter-like compound produced primarily by the pineal gland. This agent is involved in numerous aspects of the biological and physiologic regulation of body functions. The role of endogenous melatonin in circadian rhythm disturbances and sleep disorders is ...
The projection of the lateral geniculate nucleus to area 17 of the rat
The projection of the lateral geniculate nucleus to area 17 of the rat

... (At) axon terminals. The dendrite has a smooth outline and its cytoplasm contains microtubules (m), polyribosomes (r), and a cistern of endoplasmic reticulum (ER). One mitochondrion (mit) shows a dilatation of its outer membrane. The degenerating axon terminal is surrounded by astrocytic processes ( ...
Successful cases of Traceability in the Healthcare Sector in
Successful cases of Traceability in the Healthcare Sector in

... guaranteed, and each physical movement must be confirmed in real-time through a central database managed by ANMAT, in order to guarantee that the drug has never abandoned the legal trail of production and distribution. As each package has an inviolable and incorruptible code, the patient can check t ...
2. tablets
2. tablets

... • To ensure mechanical strength of tablets and granules • To “glue” (promote adhesion) the particles together into granules helping to hold the overall tablet together: improves compactibility • To provide the ¨cohesiveness¨ to a formulation enhancing its compressibility and flow properties (maintai ...
S Severe Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Deficiency C
S Severe Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Deficiency C

... deficiency, the decreased levels of methionine and S-adenosylmethionine adversely affect myelination and are thought to be an important cause of the neurological problems. There is also increased homocysteine, which accounts for thrombosis being a feature in some of the patients. Alterations in the ...
encephalopathy due to prolonged misuse of ivermectin
encephalopathy due to prolonged misuse of ivermectin

... used in the treatment of parasite infestations by invertebrate (nematodes and insects) in veterinary and human medicine. In invertebrate, Ivermectin binds selectively to glutamate-gated chloride ion channels in muscle and nerve cells and causes an increase in the permeability of the cell membrane to ...
Gap Junctions in the Ventral Hippocampal-Medial
Gap Junctions in the Ventral Hippocampal-Medial

... Departments of 1Psychology and 2Molecular Biology and Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544 ...
sleep disturbances associated with neuropsychiatric disease
sleep disturbances associated with neuropsychiatric disease

... disorders. Over time, interest shifted to defining the neurobiology of mental disorders. In this service, EEG sleep staging became a tool to be used in either diagnosis or validation of the biological nature of mental disorders. A second, nonpsychiatric, line of investigation during this time concer ...
Histones Differentially Modulate the Anticoagulant and
Histones Differentially Modulate the Anticoagulant and

... of protamine sulfate, which is indeed used as heparin antidote. Also histones, as basic proteins, can bind with high affinity to UFH and offset its antithrombin activity (Pal et al., 1983). However, evidence that histones affect the antithrombotic potential of anticoagulants other than UFH is limite ...
Focal local field potential (LFP) signature of the single
Focal local field potential (LFP) signature of the single

... to investigate neural network activity. To probe monosynaptic thalamic activation of cortical postsynaptic target cells, so called spike-trigger-averaged LFP (stLFP) signatures have been measured. In these experiments the cortical LFP is measured by means of multielectrodes covering several cortical ...
Focal local field potential (LFP) signature of the single
Focal local field potential (LFP) signature of the single

... to investigate neural network activity. To probe monosynaptic thalamic activation of cortical postsynaptic target cells, so called spike-trigger-averaged LFP (stLFP) signatures have been measured. In these experiments the cortical LFP is measured by means of multielectrodes covering several cortical ...
Input-specific control of reward and aversion in the ventral tegmental
Input-specific control of reward and aversion in the ventral tegmental

... Ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons have important roles in adaptive and pathological brain functions related to reward and motivation. However, it is unknown whether subpopulations of VTA dopamine neurons participate in distinct circuits that encode different motivational signatures, and ...
The condition
The condition

... Ataxia can also be caused by exposure to toxins such as medication or alcohol, and it can be a side-effect of a stroke, MS, or even a brain tumour. In some cases ataxia can be caused by a virus and the symptoms will go away again. For many people no cause is found; this is called ‘idiopathic ataxia’ ...
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Neuropsychopharmacology

Neuropsychopharmacology, an interdisciplinary science related to psychopharmacology (how drugs affect the mind) and fundamental neuroscience, is the study of the neural mechanisms that drugs act upon to influence behavior. It entails research of mechanisms of neuropathology, pharmacodynamics (drug action), psychiatric illness, and states of consciousness. These studies are instigated at the detailed level involving neurotransmission/receptor activity, bio-chemical processes, and neural circuitry. Neuropsychopharmacology supersedes psychopharmacology in the areas of ""how"" and ""why"", and additionally addresses other issues of brain function. Accordingly, the clinical aspect of the field includes psychiatric (psychoactive) as well as neurologic (non-psychoactive) pharmacology-based treatments.Developments in neuropsychopharmacology may directly impact the studies of anxiety disorders, affective disorders, psychotic disorders, degenerative disorders, eating behavior, and sleep behavior.The way fundamental processes of the brain are being discovered is creating a field on par with other “hard sciences” such as chemistry, biology, and physics, so that eventually it may be possible to repair mental illness with ultimate precision. An analogy can be drawn between the brain and an electronic device: neuropsychopharmacology is tantamount to revealing not only the schematic diagram, but the individual components, and every principle of their operation. The bank of amassed detail and complexity involved is huge; mere samples of some of the details are given in this article.
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