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3 - PLOS
3 - PLOS

... may have symptoms of dehydration, such as sunken eyes, dry lips and fatigue. Tannic acid in rhubarb has anti-diarrhea action. Taking rhubarb for a long time can cause stress reaction reduction of intestinal nerve cell, leading to rhubarb dependent constipation. 2) Melanosis coli: Herbal medicine wit ...
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Hypothalamus
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... receptors) ⟹ removal of NMDA Mg plug ⟹ glutamate can now activate NMDA receptor ‣ ↑ed intracellular Ca - ⟹ ↑several second messengers ⟹ ↑signal transduction ⟹ ↑ed pain perception - examples of ↑Ca effects: • activation phospholipase A2 ⟹ frees arachadonic acid from membrance ⟹ COX pathway ⟹ PG creat ...
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Neuropsychopharmacology

Neuropsychopharmacology, an interdisciplinary science related to psychopharmacology (how drugs affect the mind) and fundamental neuroscience, is the study of the neural mechanisms that drugs act upon to influence behavior. It entails research of mechanisms of neuropathology, pharmacodynamics (drug action), psychiatric illness, and states of consciousness. These studies are instigated at the detailed level involving neurotransmission/receptor activity, bio-chemical processes, and neural circuitry. Neuropsychopharmacology supersedes psychopharmacology in the areas of ""how"" and ""why"", and additionally addresses other issues of brain function. Accordingly, the clinical aspect of the field includes psychiatric (psychoactive) as well as neurologic (non-psychoactive) pharmacology-based treatments.Developments in neuropsychopharmacology may directly impact the studies of anxiety disorders, affective disorders, psychotic disorders, degenerative disorders, eating behavior, and sleep behavior.The way fundamental processes of the brain are being discovered is creating a field on par with other “hard sciences” such as chemistry, biology, and physics, so that eventually it may be possible to repair mental illness with ultimate precision. An analogy can be drawn between the brain and an electronic device: neuropsychopharmacology is tantamount to revealing not only the schematic diagram, but the individual components, and every principle of their operation. The bank of amassed detail and complexity involved is huge; mere samples of some of the details are given in this article.
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