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An introduction to hearing
An introduction to hearing

... Head related transfer function - outer ear as notch filter • Pinna mean there are many paths for sound to reach the ear canal • Low frequencies: paths in phase • High frequencies: can be in phase or out of phase • Notch more pronounced for frontal sounds, notch frequency varies with elevation: usef ...
INTRODUCTION Neurotrophic factors (NTs) are secreted pro
INTRODUCTION Neurotrophic factors (NTs) are secreted pro

... Reprint requests to: Dr Fabrizio Facchinetti, Research & Innovation, Via Svizzera 16, 35127 Padua, Italy. e-mail: [email protected] ...
Unifying Bioinformatics and Chemoinformatics for
Unifying Bioinformatics and Chemoinformatics for

... With the recent boost in computing power, the era has come where clinicians, wet-lab scientists, and informaticians can collaborate in inter-disciplinary research for the advancement of drug design to improve the quality of life. Clinicians provide tissue samples of patients exhibiting particular sy ...
Nature 402
Nature 402

... acquisition and expression of learned fear responses(freezing). ...
Basic Pattern of the Central Nervous System
Basic Pattern of the Central Nervous System

... – superficial gray matter – accounts for 40% of the mass of the brain ...
Proceedings - Neuroscience Meetings
Proceedings - Neuroscience Meetings

... influx through both synaptic and extrasynaptic inhibitory chloride-permeable ion channels such as GABAA- and glycine-receptors. Besides intraneuronal factors affecting KCC2 function and, thus, the chloride gradient, there is a number of extra-neuronal factors suggested to have a great influence over ...
MS Word Version - Interactive Physiology
MS Word Version - Interactive Physiology

... b. Receives signals from other cells and sends them toward the axon. c. Sum up, or integrate, the incoming signals. d. generates an action potential e. The main nutritional and metabolic region of the neuron. f. The transmitting or conductive region of the neuron. 7. (Page 6.) What are outgoing sign ...
subjective beings with mental states
subjective beings with mental states

... and others’ minds. TOM has been explained by three kinds of theories: Module theories suppose that human beings develop a theory of mind module (TOMM) that is separate from -- but builds on -- other mental abilities that may be shared by non-human primates and other mammals, although only humans are ...
2010 Carl Ludwig Distinguished Lectureship of the APS Neural
2010 Carl Ludwig Distinguished Lectureship of the APS Neural

... Fig. 1. Functional neuroanatomic and neurotransmitter model for the fundamental pathways providing the thermoregulatory control and pyrogenic activation of cutaneous vasoconstriction (CVC), brown adipose tissue (BAT), and shivering thermogenesis. Cool and warm cutaneous thermal sensory receptors tra ...
Depressants and inhalants
Depressants and inhalants

... You have a higher chance for doing these activities if you drink alcohol or take other medicines that make you sleepy with LUNESTA. Reported activities include: driving a car ("sleep-driving“) making and eating food talking on the phone ...
New York Times
New York Times

... with H.I.V. in New York City. In 2003, only five were. This is wonderful news for wealthy countries. But it has a deadly side effect: it means there is no more paying market for pediatric AIDS medicines, and no lobbying by those whose children have gotten sick. One result is a dearth of affordable c ...
6 State of New Product Development (as of May 8, 2012)
6 State of New Product Development (as of May 8, 2012)

... Venoglobulin IH is intravenous human immunoglobulin derived from donated plasma in Japan. It shows high efficacy on serious infectious diseases in combined administration with anti-bacterial agent due to its opsonic, immuno-bacteriolytic and antibody-dependent cytotoxic effects and neutralizing effe ...
Drug Metabolism Biotransformation: the process whereby lipid
Drug Metabolism Biotransformation: the process whereby lipid

... families of enzymes, each family containing multiple family members. Four P450s that are major contributors to drug oxidation are CYP1A2 (12% of all drugs), CYP2B6 (20%), CYP2E1 (6%), and CYP3A4 (28%). Others include CYP2A6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP2D6. ...
Chapter 1
Chapter 1

... Phantom pain: Treatment • Main treatment is NOT pain meds, but fixing the miscommunication in the brain through BIOFEEDBACK • Why is biofeedback helpful? – Teach the amputee’s brain to recognize that limb is missing – The specific aim of the treatment: • teach amputees with phantom pain to habitual ...
Anatomy Review - Interactive Physiology
Anatomy Review - Interactive Physiology

... 9. From incoming signals which are integrated and summed. 10. Synapses 11. In general, the longest axons are associated with the largest cell bodies. 12. Left side of page from top to bottom: axon hillock, axon collaterals. Right side of page: axon terminals. 13. a. axon hillock b. axon collaterals ...
CNS - Algonquin College
CNS - Algonquin College

... different types of information into a coherent sequence of action, e.g. decision making. The motor ability for speech, i.e. muscle control, is also centered in the area. The posterior portion of the frontal lobe controls the initiation of voluntary movement. Dysfunction in this area may result in he ...
Brain Anatomy and Histology of Orange Spotted Grouper
Brain Anatomy and Histology of Orange Spotted Grouper

... brain for further toxicological experiments and defects brought by xenobiotics during exposure periods.The anatomy and histology of the brain of orange spotted grouper was illustrated and compared to mammals and other fishes. The preserved structures of teleosts brain species were different as compa ...
Neurons
Neurons

... Concept 48.2: Ion pumps and ion channels establish the resting potential of a neuron • Every cell has a voltage (difference in electrical charge) across its plasma membrane called a membrane potential • The resting potential is the membrane potential of a neuron not sending signals • Changes in mem ...
Nervous System - Lakeridge Health
Nervous System - Lakeridge Health

... different types of information into a coherent sequence of action, e.g. decision making. The motor ability for speech, i.e. muscle control, is also centered in the area. The posterior portion of the frontal lobe controls the initiation of voluntary movement. Dysfunction in this area may result in he ...
Neurophysiology
Neurophysiology

... • Tonotopically and Spatiotopically organized • Highly Adaptable • Sensitive to CHANGES in Frequency and Intensity – Coding virtual pitch – demodulating complex signals (e.g. speech) ...
CHAPTER 11: NERVOUS SYSTEM II: DIVISIONS OF THE
CHAPTER 11: NERVOUS SYSTEM II: DIVISIONS OF THE

... number of segments, and enlarged areas. About 17 inches long, the start is the foramen magnum, it tapers to a point and terminates near the intervertebral disc that separates the first/ second lumbar vertebrae in a point called the conus medullaris Has 31 segments that give rise to 31 pairs of spina ...
Texture discrimination and unit recordings in the rat
Texture discrimination and unit recordings in the rat

... School of Health Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA. 0031-9384/02/$ – see front matter D 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Inc. PII: S 0 0 3 1 - 9 3 8 4 ( 0 2 ) 0 0 9 1 7 - 4 ...
noni in neurodegenerative diseases
noni in neurodegenerative diseases

... A number of in vitro studies have shown that antioxidants – both endogenous and dietary supplements (Noni) – can protect nervous tissue from damage by oxidative stress. Vitamin E was found to prevent cell death (apoptosis) in rat neurons subjected to hypoxia followed by oxygen reperfusion. In the s ...
The Maternal Brain
The Maternal Brain

... in navigating mazes and capturing prey. In addition to motivating females toward caring for their offspring, the hormoneinduced brain changes may enhance a mother rat’s foraging ...
ANTIFUNGAL DRUGS Modes of Action Mechanisms of Resistance
ANTIFUNGAL DRUGS Modes of Action Mechanisms of Resistance

... The only licensed member is caspofungin (Jan 2001, USA). Resistant mutants due to therapy are not available. ...
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Neuropsychopharmacology

Neuropsychopharmacology, an interdisciplinary science related to psychopharmacology (how drugs affect the mind) and fundamental neuroscience, is the study of the neural mechanisms that drugs act upon to influence behavior. It entails research of mechanisms of neuropathology, pharmacodynamics (drug action), psychiatric illness, and states of consciousness. These studies are instigated at the detailed level involving neurotransmission/receptor activity, bio-chemical processes, and neural circuitry. Neuropsychopharmacology supersedes psychopharmacology in the areas of ""how"" and ""why"", and additionally addresses other issues of brain function. Accordingly, the clinical aspect of the field includes psychiatric (psychoactive) as well as neurologic (non-psychoactive) pharmacology-based treatments.Developments in neuropsychopharmacology may directly impact the studies of anxiety disorders, affective disorders, psychotic disorders, degenerative disorders, eating behavior, and sleep behavior.The way fundamental processes of the brain are being discovered is creating a field on par with other “hard sciences” such as chemistry, biology, and physics, so that eventually it may be possible to repair mental illness with ultimate precision. An analogy can be drawn between the brain and an electronic device: neuropsychopharmacology is tantamount to revealing not only the schematic diagram, but the individual components, and every principle of their operation. The bank of amassed detail and complexity involved is huge; mere samples of some of the details are given in this article.
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