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File - Wk 1-2
File - Wk 1-2

... insensitive to a stimulus and depolarisation at this time. Repolarisation restores resting electrical conditions, the sodium-potassium pump restores ion distribution. It might appear that large amounts of Na⁺ and K⁺ are exchanged but in reality, it is only a small amount. The axonal membrane has tho ...
Advances in Environmental Biology
Advances in Environmental Biology

... reward and mental addiction in animals, was selected. This method was used to study effect of one of neurotransmitter systems which has great importance in drug reward phenomenon, i.e. GABAergic system [1]. In recent years, GABA-B receptor agonists have received great attention; including in relatio ...
O R I G I N A L A R T I C L E
O R I G I N A L A R T I C L E

... > tianeptine > moclobemide, cocaine >> lithium, valproate. MAO-B was inhibited by the following drugs: pargyline > clorgyline > iproniazid > fluoxetine > venlafaxine > amitriptyline > olanzapine > citalopram > desipramine > reboxetine > imipramine > tianeptine > mirtazapine, cocaine >> moclobemide, ...
Connectionism - Birkbeck, University of London
Connectionism - Birkbeck, University of London

... The concept of neural network computation was initially proposed in the 1940s. However, the foundations for their systematic application to the exploration of cognition were laid several decades later by the influential volumes of Rumelhart, McClelland, and colleagues. Following this seminal work, a ...
Famous Russian brains: historical attempts to understand intelligence
Famous Russian brains: historical attempts to understand intelligence

... scholars of Russian neurology and psychiatry, A.Ya. Kozhevnikov (1836^1902) and S. S. Korsakov (1854^1900), have been studied is largely unknown. A report of the results of this study was published by A. A. Kaputsin in 1925 providing a detailed neuroanatomical assessment of the brains. A considerabl ...
Neurophysiology of sleep-wake states in relation to consciousness
Neurophysiology of sleep-wake states in relation to consciousness

... sleep, this resonance is more prominent as that produced by the same triggering of the neural net, when neurons fire in the asynchronous, tonic mode during wakefulness and REM sleep. In the latter situations, the waves of the N1-P2N3 complex are smaller and less sharp, whereas the tiny N2-P3 complex ...
Indirect Pharmacodynamic Models for Tolerance
Indirect Pharmacodynamic Models for Tolerance

... A four-fold ...
Withdrawing Drugs in the US Versus Other Countries
Withdrawing Drugs in the US Versus Other Countries

... not been communicated to the U.N. as well. Drugs Banned in the U.S. In the United States of America, The Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) a part of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is in charge of evaluating new drugs for safety and effectiveness before they may be sold. Aft ...
Chordate evolution and the origin of craniates
Chordate evolution and the origin of craniates

... Taxon of animals with segmented bodies and jointed limbs that includes insects and crustaceans. The ventral half of the developing neural tube. Type of neuron characterized by a cell body with two processes, rather than only one process or more than two processes. In craniates, this type of neuron i ...
Tenex - The Main Line Center for the Family
Tenex - The Main Line Center for the Family

... Administration, however, approved Tenex only for use as an antihypertensive. The use of a medication for its approved indications is called its labeled use. In clinical pratice, however, physicians often prescribe medications for unlabeled (“off-label”) uses when published clinical studies, case rep ...
Adverse Drug Reactions - The Coagulation Information Source
Adverse Drug Reactions - The Coagulation Information Source

... • Dose-independent • Not related to drug’s actions • Related to immune response (allergy) ...
PHS 398 (Rev. 9/04), Biographical Sketch Format Page
PHS 398 (Rev. 9/04), Biographical Sketch Format Page

... significant shear forces due to the fact that the electrodes are made of materials that are much less compliant than the neural tissue. These shear forces, exacerbated by the tethering forces generated by the electrode interconnects, cause an encapsulation tissue that forms in long term implants. Th ...
The Brain: Implications for Teaching and Learning
The Brain: Implications for Teaching and Learning

... ticipation in a professional development seminar class we run on-site at our school, I set out to become better informed about the brain. I read a lot, wrote a lot, thought a lot, and shared my ideas with my peers. Through my research I developed a basic understanding of the brain and how it functio ...
GABA transporters in the mammalian cerebral cortex - LIRA-Lab
GABA transporters in the mammalian cerebral cortex - LIRA-Lab

... regulated by specific high-affinity, Na+/Cl dependent transporters. Four distinct genes encoding GABA transporters (GATs), named GAT-1, GAT-2, GAT-3, and BGT-1 have been identified using molecular cloning. Of these, GAT-1 and -3 are expressed in the cerebral cortex. Studies of the cortical distribu ...
Anti-arrhythmic Drugs and Cardiac Arrest
Anti-arrhythmic Drugs and Cardiac Arrest

... arrest increases rate of survival discharge. Despite the lack of long-term outcome data, it is reasonable to continue to use anti-arrhythmic drugs on a routine bases. ...
Nutrient and Weight Control Drugs By Linda Self
Nutrient and Weight Control Drugs By Linda Self

... (muscle relaxant) and amantadine or bromocriptine (dopamine stimulators) ...
Can Drugs Cause Depression? A Review of the Evidence
Can Drugs Cause Depression? A Review of the Evidence

... compared a group of patients selected because they were taking propranolol with a group of volunteers, and the possibility of selection bias makes interpretation of these results difficult. Another study found that propranolol was not associated with depressive symptoms in a clinical trial evaluatin ...
Viscoelastic Properties of the Rat Brain in the Horizontal Plane
Viscoelastic Properties of the Rat Brain in the Horizontal Plane

... Traumatic brain injury is a devastating societal problem that causes approximately 50,000 deaths along with  $76.5 billion in direct and indirect costs in the United States each year[1].  The progression of brain injury after a  traumatic event involves a complex array of pathological processes[2].  ...
Lissencephaly - Cambridge University Press
Lissencephaly - Cambridge University Press

... Reprint requests to Dr. M. G. Norman, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, 401 Smyth Rd. Ottawa, ...
The Design and Function of Cochlear Implants
The Design and Function of Cochlear Implants

... State University to test his understanding of speech. The results were extraordinary: Scott recognized 100 percent of more than 1,400 words, either in sentences or alone, without any prior knowledge of the test items. As impressive as this performance was, the cochlear implant did not restore normal ...
anti-retroviral activity of methionine enkephalin and azt in a murine
anti-retroviral activity of methionine enkephalin and azt in a murine

... medium"/well. This consisted of RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% FBS, 1% L-glutamate, 100 ~tg penicillin and streptomycin/ml and 0.25% 1 M HEPES buffer solution. To enhance FLV infectivity, 8 I~g polybrene/ml was added to the medium. Subsequently, a confluent monolayer of cells was infected with appr ...
Delirium - Canadian Society of Hospital Pharmacists
Delirium - Canadian Society of Hospital Pharmacists

... Requires further trials as initial RCT too small ADAPT – trial comparing naproxen or celecoxib to placebo stopped early due to naproxen CVS risk Other trials showed increased risk with celecoxib ...


... If you do not have a dose-measuring device, ask your pharmacist for one. Take this medication for as many days as it has been prescribed for you even if you begin to feel better. Your symptoms may improve before the infection is completely cleared. Levaquin will not treat a viral infection such as t ...
A First-in-Man Phase 1 Clinical Trial
A First-in-Man Phase 1 Clinical Trial

... The guideline encompasses many areas of development covered in more detail in other guidelines. For instance, it references International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines that must be considered during the develo ...
Unifying Bioinformatics and Chemoinformatics for
Unifying Bioinformatics and Chemoinformatics for

... With the recent boost in computing power, the era has come where clinicians, wet-lab scientists, and informaticians can collaborate in inter-disciplinary research for the advancement of drug design to improve the quality of life. Clinicians provide tissue samples of patients exhibiting particular sy ...
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Neuropsychopharmacology

Neuropsychopharmacology, an interdisciplinary science related to psychopharmacology (how drugs affect the mind) and fundamental neuroscience, is the study of the neural mechanisms that drugs act upon to influence behavior. It entails research of mechanisms of neuropathology, pharmacodynamics (drug action), psychiatric illness, and states of consciousness. These studies are instigated at the detailed level involving neurotransmission/receptor activity, bio-chemical processes, and neural circuitry. Neuropsychopharmacology supersedes psychopharmacology in the areas of ""how"" and ""why"", and additionally addresses other issues of brain function. Accordingly, the clinical aspect of the field includes psychiatric (psychoactive) as well as neurologic (non-psychoactive) pharmacology-based treatments.Developments in neuropsychopharmacology may directly impact the studies of anxiety disorders, affective disorders, psychotic disorders, degenerative disorders, eating behavior, and sleep behavior.The way fundamental processes of the brain are being discovered is creating a field on par with other “hard sciences” such as chemistry, biology, and physics, so that eventually it may be possible to repair mental illness with ultimate precision. An analogy can be drawn between the brain and an electronic device: neuropsychopharmacology is tantamount to revealing not only the schematic diagram, but the individual components, and every principle of their operation. The bank of amassed detail and complexity involved is huge; mere samples of some of the details are given in this article.
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