Download PDF
... capture, proton and ion gradients, and conversion to mechanical energy. In addition, we will explore the thermodynamics of electron transport, proton pumping, and ATP biosynthesis. 3. Molecular biosynthesis. Most organisms can biosynthesize amino acids, lipids, nucleotides, vitamins, and cofactors u ...
... capture, proton and ion gradients, and conversion to mechanical energy. In addition, we will explore the thermodynamics of electron transport, proton pumping, and ATP biosynthesis. 3. Molecular biosynthesis. Most organisms can biosynthesize amino acids, lipids, nucleotides, vitamins, and cofactors u ...
Chapter 10: DNA transcription, protein synthesis
... The sequence of nucleotides along the RNA molecule dictates the later sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain ( see protein translation in the following ...
... The sequence of nucleotides along the RNA molecule dictates the later sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain ( see protein translation in the following ...
Mutation: The Source of Genetic Variation
... • Missense mutation – replaces one amino acid with another • Nonsense mutations – an amino acid codon is changed to a stop codon • Sense mutation – a termination codon is changed into a one that codes for an amino acid, producing elongated proteins • Silent mutation – no effect on phenotype Frames ...
... • Missense mutation – replaces one amino acid with another • Nonsense mutations – an amino acid codon is changed to a stop codon • Sense mutation – a termination codon is changed into a one that codes for an amino acid, producing elongated proteins • Silent mutation – no effect on phenotype Frames ...
Unit 1 DNA and the Genome Summary
... embryonic and tissue (adult) stem cells in animals. - Meristems are regions of unspecialised cells in plants that are capable of cell division. - Stem cells are relatively unspecialised cells in animals that can continue to divide and can differentiate into specialised cells of one or more types. In ...
... embryonic and tissue (adult) stem cells in animals. - Meristems are regions of unspecialised cells in plants that are capable of cell division. - Stem cells are relatively unspecialised cells in animals that can continue to divide and can differentiate into specialised cells of one or more types. In ...
Study Skills Biology 111 Lecture*s on 12.04.15 and 12.09.15
... With a given mutation, it can be identified as either pathogenic, implicated, associated, damaging, and deleterious mutations. A mutation in a “conserved” area will likely cause a major change because “conserved” areas are the same among many organisms A disease can be categorized into differe ...
... With a given mutation, it can be identified as either pathogenic, implicated, associated, damaging, and deleterious mutations. A mutation in a “conserved” area will likely cause a major change because “conserved” areas are the same among many organisms A disease can be categorized into differe ...
Document
... Elongation of the RNA Strand p. 333 As RNA polymerase moves along the DNA, it continues to untwist the double helix, exposing 10 to 20 DNA bases at a time for pairing with RNA molecules. The enzyme adds nucleotides to the ______ end of the growing RNA molecule. Termination of Transcription, p. 333 ...
... Elongation of the RNA Strand p. 333 As RNA polymerase moves along the DNA, it continues to untwist the double helix, exposing 10 to 20 DNA bases at a time for pairing with RNA molecules. The enzyme adds nucleotides to the ______ end of the growing RNA molecule. Termination of Transcription, p. 333 ...
ch_9 - WordPress.com
... All enzymes are proteinaceous in nature. Some enzymes need a nonprotein part as well. ...
... All enzymes are proteinaceous in nature. Some enzymes need a nonprotein part as well. ...
Organic Compounds PowerPoint PDF
... How many bonds/shared electrons can a Carbon atom make? • Carbon can bond to other carbon atoms, which gives carbon the ability to form chains that are almost unlimited in length. • These carbon-carbon bonds can be single, double, or triple. • The chains can be straight, branched, or even ring-shape ...
... How many bonds/shared electrons can a Carbon atom make? • Carbon can bond to other carbon atoms, which gives carbon the ability to form chains that are almost unlimited in length. • These carbon-carbon bonds can be single, double, or triple. • The chains can be straight, branched, or even ring-shape ...
Organic Compounds
... How many bonds/shared electrons can a Carbon atom make? • Carbon can bond to other carbon atoms, which gives carbon the ability to form chains that are almost unlimited in length. • These carbon-carbon bonds can be single, double, or triple. • The chains can be straight, branched, or even ring-shape ...
... How many bonds/shared electrons can a Carbon atom make? • Carbon can bond to other carbon atoms, which gives carbon the ability to form chains that are almost unlimited in length. • These carbon-carbon bonds can be single, double, or triple. • The chains can be straight, branched, or even ring-shape ...
Chapter 2 Genes Encode RNAs and Polypeptides
... • closed (blocked) reading frame – A reading frame that cannot be translated into polypeptide because of the occurrence of termination codons. • unidentified reading frame (URF) – An open reading frame with an as yet undetermined function. ...
... • closed (blocked) reading frame – A reading frame that cannot be translated into polypeptide because of the occurrence of termination codons. • unidentified reading frame (URF) – An open reading frame with an as yet undetermined function. ...
Flow of information
... The completed polypeptide chain peels off from the tRNA molecules and then the tRNA molecules detach themselves from the mRNA and return to the pool of tRNAs in the cytoplasm. ...
... The completed polypeptide chain peels off from the tRNA molecules and then the tRNA molecules detach themselves from the mRNA and return to the pool of tRNAs in the cytoplasm. ...
Chapter 2 Genes Encode RNAs and Polypeptides
... • closed (blocked) reading frame – A reading frame that cannot be translated into polypeptide because of the occurrence of termination codons. • unidentified reading frame (URF) – An open reading frame with an as yet undetermined function. ...
... • closed (blocked) reading frame – A reading frame that cannot be translated into polypeptide because of the occurrence of termination codons. • unidentified reading frame (URF) – An open reading frame with an as yet undetermined function. ...
notes
... mRNA can now leave the nucleus (through nuclear pore) and enter the cytoplasm cut out introns and splice exons together ...
... mRNA can now leave the nucleus (through nuclear pore) and enter the cytoplasm cut out introns and splice exons together ...
Lab/Activity: Prot
... Proteins are made in the cytoplasm by ribosomes. Since DNA cannot leave the nucleus, the information from DNA must be transmitted from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. During transcription, each gene on the DNA is read and codes directly for a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule. The mRNA is made by matching ...
... Proteins are made in the cytoplasm by ribosomes. Since DNA cannot leave the nucleus, the information from DNA must be transmitted from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. During transcription, each gene on the DNA is read and codes directly for a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule. The mRNA is made by matching ...
Slide 1
... Shape is determined by amino acids & hydrogen bonds A single amino acid change will affect all the way to the quaternary structure ...
... Shape is determined by amino acids & hydrogen bonds A single amino acid change will affect all the way to the quaternary structure ...
Creation/Evolution
... randomness in assignment of amino acids to codons No mechanism exists for genetic code evolution Thus variation in the genetic code suggests a polyphyletic origin for life Taken together, this evidence indicates the hand of a Designer in the genetic code and does not support the theory that life ori ...
... randomness in assignment of amino acids to codons No mechanism exists for genetic code evolution Thus variation in the genetic code suggests a polyphyletic origin for life Taken together, this evidence indicates the hand of a Designer in the genetic code and does not support the theory that life ori ...
Lecture 7
... HbA / HbS (Sickle cell trait): No anemia; red blood cells sickle only under low oxygen conditions. HbS / HbS (Sickle cell anemia): sickle‐shaped red blood cells ...
... HbA / HbS (Sickle cell trait): No anemia; red blood cells sickle only under low oxygen conditions. HbS / HbS (Sickle cell anemia): sickle‐shaped red blood cells ...
Document
... forming water. Some energy released is used to form ATP. Catabolic reactions Anabolic reactions © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
... forming water. Some energy released is used to form ATP. Catabolic reactions Anabolic reactions © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
RNA to Protein
... mRNA produced by transcription carries proteinbuilding information from DNA to the other two types of RNA for translation ...
... mRNA produced by transcription carries proteinbuilding information from DNA to the other two types of RNA for translation ...
Protein Synthesis in a Eukaryotic Cell.
... RNA nucleotide code; the RNA carries the genetic message to a ribosome for translation into a protein code Codon – a set of three nucleotides on a strand of mRNA that codes for a particular amino acid in a protein chain Translation – the process of reading an mRNA nucleotide code and converting it i ...
... RNA nucleotide code; the RNA carries the genetic message to a ribosome for translation into a protein code Codon – a set of three nucleotides on a strand of mRNA that codes for a particular amino acid in a protein chain Translation – the process of reading an mRNA nucleotide code and converting it i ...
Chapter 5: What are the major types of organic molecules?
... II. The four major classes of biologically important organic molecules are: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins or polypeptides (and related compounds), and nucleic acids (and related compounds) III. carbohydrates include sugars, starches, and cellulose A. carbohydrates contain only the elements carbon, ...
... II. The four major classes of biologically important organic molecules are: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins or polypeptides (and related compounds), and nucleic acids (and related compounds) III. carbohydrates include sugars, starches, and cellulose A. carbohydrates contain only the elements carbon, ...
Early Earth and the Origin of Life
... Protobionts have membrane-like properties and are very similar to primitive cells. Start for selection process that lead to cells? ...
... Protobionts have membrane-like properties and are very similar to primitive cells. Start for selection process that lead to cells? ...
Pharos university Faculty of Allied Medical SCIENCE Biochemistry 1
... atom, and a fourth group that differs from one amino acid to another and often is referred to as the-R group or the side chain. ...
... atom, and a fourth group that differs from one amino acid to another and often is referred to as the-R group or the side chain. ...
Genetic code
The genetic code is the set of rules by which information encoded within genetic material (DNA or mRNA sequences) is translated into proteins by living cells. Biological decoding is accomplished by the ribosome, which links amino acids in an order specified by mRNA, using transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules to carry amino acids and to read the mRNA three nucleotides at a time. The genetic code is highly similar among all organisms and can be expressed in a simple table with 64 entries.The code defines how sequences of these nucleotide triplets, called codons, specify which amino acid will be added next during protein synthesis. With some exceptions, a three-nucleotide codon in a nucleic acid sequence specifies a single amino acid. Because the vast majority of genes are encoded with exactly the same code (see the RNA codon table), this particular code is often referred to as the canonical or standard genetic code, or simply the genetic code, though in fact some variant codes have evolved. For example, protein synthesis in human mitochondria relies on a genetic code that differs from the standard genetic code.While the genetic code determines the protein sequence for a given coding region, other genomic regions can influence when and where these proteins are produced.