1. 1. Overview of Bioorganic Chemistry
... preferred ligand in the metathesis catalyst that was part of the work winning Robert Grubbs a recent Nobel Prize in chemistry. Thus, we saw information transfer in both directions. The work by Ronald Breslow with a chemical model system made it clear how a thiazolium salt such as thiamine could cata ...
... preferred ligand in the metathesis catalyst that was part of the work winning Robert Grubbs a recent Nobel Prize in chemistry. Thus, we saw information transfer in both directions. The work by Ronald Breslow with a chemical model system made it clear how a thiazolium salt such as thiamine could cata ...
Metabolism and function of bile acids
... 3.1. The classical and alternative bile acid biosynthetic pathways The classical pathway operates entirely in the liver (Fig. 4). It begins by c~-hydroxylation of carbon 7 of the cholesterol steroid nucleus. This reaction is catalyzed by the microsomal cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase referred to as c ...
... 3.1. The classical and alternative bile acid biosynthetic pathways The classical pathway operates entirely in the liver (Fig. 4). It begins by c~-hydroxylation of carbon 7 of the cholesterol steroid nucleus. This reaction is catalyzed by the microsomal cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase referred to as c ...
Fate of ammonium15N in a Norway spruce forest under long
... following the method of Amelung and Zhang (2001). Briefly, the amino acids were hydrolyzed with 6 M HCl for 12 h at 105°C, purified by cation exchange resin (DOWEX 50 W 9 8), and converted into N-pentaflouropropionyl-isopropyl esters, which were determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC ...
... following the method of Amelung and Zhang (2001). Briefly, the amino acids were hydrolyzed with 6 M HCl for 12 h at 105°C, purified by cation exchange resin (DOWEX 50 W 9 8), and converted into N-pentaflouropropionyl-isopropyl esters, which were determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC ...
Bile-Acid Sequestrants: Glucose-Lowering Mechanisms - HAL
... Another study used a metabolomic approach to show lower CA and elevated DCA levels in plasma of self-reported, controlled diabetic patients compared to controls [9]. Hence, CA might be increasingly converted into DCA in the gut of patients with T2D. Interestingly, changes in the gut microflora have ...
... Another study used a metabolomic approach to show lower CA and elevated DCA levels in plasma of self-reported, controlled diabetic patients compared to controls [9]. Hence, CA might be increasingly converted into DCA in the gut of patients with T2D. Interestingly, changes in the gut microflora have ...
ANTIBIOTICS
... different microorganisms . Several review sumarise reseach in these area (Martin and Liras, 1989; Jensen and Demain, 1995). The main producers are fungi (penicillins) but they are produced also by Strepromyces ( clavulanic acid) and Cephalosporium (cephalosporins). The main representatives of ß-lact ...
... different microorganisms . Several review sumarise reseach in these area (Martin and Liras, 1989; Jensen and Demain, 1995). The main producers are fungi (penicillins) but they are produced also by Strepromyces ( clavulanic acid) and Cephalosporium (cephalosporins). The main representatives of ß-lact ...
Laboratory Evolution of Cytochrome P450 BM-3 Monooxygenase for Organic Cosolvents
... presence of cosolvents, at least within the time scale of the kinetic experiments (5 min). Its catalytic activity, however, is reduced. We therefore refer to ‘‘organic solvent resistance’’ when we describe the behavior of evolved and parental enzymes. Resistant enzymes retain a larger fraction of th ...
... presence of cosolvents, at least within the time scale of the kinetic experiments (5 min). Its catalytic activity, however, is reduced. We therefore refer to ‘‘organic solvent resistance’’ when we describe the behavior of evolved and parental enzymes. Resistant enzymes retain a larger fraction of th ...
Genetic Allee effects and their interaction with ecological
... a function of initial population size. With this definition, it is not a problem that the genetic composition and growth rate of a population change over time, but we need to keep in mind that all results will be relative to the genetic composition of the source population. We focus on one important ...
... a function of initial population size. With this definition, it is not a problem that the genetic composition and growth rate of a population change over time, but we need to keep in mind that all results will be relative to the genetic composition of the source population. We focus on one important ...
Figures and figure supplements
... Figure 6. The evolutionary history of carnivore ERV-Fc1 includes numerous cross-species transmission events and at least one recombination event. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis of carnivore ERV-Fc gag nucleotide sequences: sequences from the dog genome are colored in a shade of red, those ...
... Figure 6. The evolutionary history of carnivore ERV-Fc1 includes numerous cross-species transmission events and at least one recombination event. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis of carnivore ERV-Fc gag nucleotide sequences: sequences from the dog genome are colored in a shade of red, those ...
Insights into interactions between poly(ethylene glycol) and proteins
... shown to have a number of effects on proteins. Studies have shown that both PEG and dextran accelerate the polymerization of actin by increasing the association rates of actin monomers19. Ficoll has been shown to decrease the half-time for the self-assembly of the HIV capsid protein20, to increase t ...
... shown to have a number of effects on proteins. Studies have shown that both PEG and dextran accelerate the polymerization of actin by increasing the association rates of actin monomers19. Ficoll has been shown to decrease the half-time for the self-assembly of the HIV capsid protein20, to increase t ...
Cloning and Expression of Bovine Sodium/Glucose Cotransporter SGLT2* J. Dairy Sci. 88:2738–2748
... of 673 amino acids, with a molecular weight of approximately 73 kDa. The deduced amino acid sequence of bovine SGLT2 is 91, 90, 91, and 90% identical to human, rabbit, mouse, and rat SGLT2, respectively, and is 58 and 48% identical to bovine SGLT1 and SGLT5, respectively. The sequence of bSGLT2 cont ...
... of 673 amino acids, with a molecular weight of approximately 73 kDa. The deduced amino acid sequence of bovine SGLT2 is 91, 90, 91, and 90% identical to human, rabbit, mouse, and rat SGLT2, respectively, and is 58 and 48% identical to bovine SGLT1 and SGLT5, respectively. The sequence of bSGLT2 cont ...
ref. #27 of the TIBS article
... the microsomal in vitro system (Mothes et al., 1997), we also wanted to test the relation between MGD and n for a protein that does not use this pathway. Synaptobrevin is known to insert a hydrophobic C-terminal segment into the microsomal membrane by an as yet poorly understood mechanism that does ...
... the microsomal in vitro system (Mothes et al., 1997), we also wanted to test the relation between MGD and n for a protein that does not use this pathway. Synaptobrevin is known to insert a hydrophobic C-terminal segment into the microsomal membrane by an as yet poorly understood mechanism that does ...
Oral free and dipeptide forms of glutamine supplementation
... stress, cytokines, and chemokines induce the phosphorylation and degradation of the inhibitor kB (IkB) protein, which results in the translocation of NF-kB to the nuclei, and transcription of several genes related to proinflammatory responses including, regulation of the NF-kB pathway itself, the mye ...
... stress, cytokines, and chemokines induce the phosphorylation and degradation of the inhibitor kB (IkB) protein, which results in the translocation of NF-kB to the nuclei, and transcription of several genes related to proinflammatory responses including, regulation of the NF-kB pathway itself, the mye ...
Regulation of Translation by Essential Amino Acids and Glucose in
... they will be brilliant for each one of you and I hope they will cross often. I would like to acknowledge Dr. Julie Kim – Julie, learning from your expertise in the lab is the reason I know how to conduct good lab work today, a valued skill that I owe to you. A special thank you to the staff at the B ...
... they will be brilliant for each one of you and I hope they will cross often. I would like to acknowledge Dr. Julie Kim – Julie, learning from your expertise in the lab is the reason I know how to conduct good lab work today, a valued skill that I owe to you. A special thank you to the staff at the B ...
Structure of the ordered hydration of amino acids
... as an acceptor for up to two hydrogen bonds and as a donor for an additional two hydrogen bonds, it is clear that the water position reflects not only the identity of the nearest functional groups but also other groups in its wider binding environment. Therefore, when analyzing the preferred water p ...
... as an acceptor for up to two hydrogen bonds and as a donor for an additional two hydrogen bonds, it is clear that the water position reflects not only the identity of the nearest functional groups but also other groups in its wider binding environment. Therefore, when analyzing the preferred water p ...
Canalization, Cryptic Variation, and Developmental Buffering: A
... however, it must generally be regarded with caution. For a feasible experiment, a balance must be found between the number of individuals sampled within a line (to get precise estimates) and number of independent lines to use (for statistical power). These issues are too complex to consider here, bu ...
... however, it must generally be regarded with caution. For a feasible experiment, a balance must be found between the number of individuals sampled within a line (to get precise estimates) and number of independent lines to use (for statistical power). These issues are too complex to consider here, bu ...
The Effect of a Limited Supply of Phenylalanine, Threonine, or
... body. Arginine (Arg), histidine (His), isoleucine (Ile), leucine (Leu), lysine (Lys), methionine (Met), phenylalanine (Phe), threonine (Thr), tryptophan (Trp), and valine (Val) have been recognized as EAA for dairy cows (Schwab et al., 1975). The NEAA can be synthesized by the body; thus, there is n ...
... body. Arginine (Arg), histidine (His), isoleucine (Ile), leucine (Leu), lysine (Lys), methionine (Met), phenylalanine (Phe), threonine (Thr), tryptophan (Trp), and valine (Val) have been recognized as EAA for dairy cows (Schwab et al., 1975). The NEAA can be synthesized by the body; thus, there is n ...
Nutrient transport into germinating Trichoderma
... Uptake of L -Val by both strains, Dpma1 and WT, was performed by static incubation of the mycelium with L -Val for 5 h, and stopped by filtration with 50 ml of liquid CzD medium. Mycelium collected was used for determination of radioactivity by liquid scintillation counting. When the effect of 3,39, ...
... Uptake of L -Val by both strains, Dpma1 and WT, was performed by static incubation of the mycelium with L -Val for 5 h, and stopped by filtration with 50 ml of liquid CzD medium. Mycelium collected was used for determination of radioactivity by liquid scintillation counting. When the effect of 3,39, ...
Differential effects of nipecotic acid and w x 4,5,6,7
... THPO ŽSchousboe et al., 1991.. Another important difference between the two inhibitors is that nipecotic acid can be transported by the GABA carriers while THPO cannot ŽSchousboe and Westergaard, 1995.. As the extracellular GABA concentration in the brain may be determined by the efficacy of the hig ...
... THPO ŽSchousboe et al., 1991.. Another important difference between the two inhibitors is that nipecotic acid can be transported by the GABA carriers while THPO cannot ŽSchousboe and Westergaard, 1995.. As the extracellular GABA concentration in the brain may be determined by the efficacy of the hig ...
Evolution of the Aldose Reductase-Related Gecko Eye Lens Protein
... crystallin (Röll et al. 1995). Searching the protein databases with the B-crystallin sequence resulted in the identification of 65 significantly related proteins. An initial alignment and phylogenetic tree constructed from these sequences (not shown) confirmed that this superfamily of proteins, th ...
... crystallin (Röll et al. 1995). Searching the protein databases with the B-crystallin sequence resulted in the identification of 65 significantly related proteins. An initial alignment and phylogenetic tree constructed from these sequences (not shown) confirmed that this superfamily of proteins, th ...
Thesis-1965R-K29r
... composition of the nucleolus is chiefly RNA and proteins. It may also contain certain enzymes and I ipids. The synthesis of RNA in the nucleolus is generally accepted. The types are not agreed on. The transfer of RNA to the cytoplasm seems probable but the method is not apparent. Protein synthesis w ...
... composition of the nucleolus is chiefly RNA and proteins. It may also contain certain enzymes and I ipids. The synthesis of RNA in the nucleolus is generally accepted. The types are not agreed on. The transfer of RNA to the cytoplasm seems probable but the method is not apparent. Protein synthesis w ...
... The present invention relates to nucleic acid molecules related to the var2csa gene family as well as amino acid sequences encoded by such nucleic acid molecules with respect to their role in mediating adhesion of infected red blood cells to chondroitin sulphate A (CSA) in the placenta which is char ...
Hydrophobins from Aspergillus species cannot be clearly divided
... Background: Hydrophobins are a family of small secreted proteins with a characteristic pattern of eight cysteine residues found exclusively in filamentous fungi. They have originally been divided into two classes based on their physical properties and hydropathy patterns, and are involved in the att ...
... Background: Hydrophobins are a family of small secreted proteins with a characteristic pattern of eight cysteine residues found exclusively in filamentous fungi. They have originally been divided into two classes based on their physical properties and hydropathy patterns, and are involved in the att ...
David Rittenberg - National Academy of Sciences
... was instead assigned to H. T. Clarke, chair of the Department of Biochemistry at P&S to promote biological uses of 2H. At that time one interest of Clarke’s was the possibility of demonstrating optical activity for a compound, Cab1H2H. Clarke also suggested to Rittenberg a “roving commission” to tal ...
... was instead assigned to H. T. Clarke, chair of the Department of Biochemistry at P&S to promote biological uses of 2H. At that time one interest of Clarke’s was the possibility of demonstrating optical activity for a compound, Cab1H2H. Clarke also suggested to Rittenberg a “roving commission” to tal ...
Full-Text PDF
... restriction endonuclease site. The amplified fragment was digested with restriction enzymes Xbal and HindIII and ligated into XbaI-HindIII digested pK18mobsacB vector [32], resulting in plasmid pPHAC1. Another fragment of 857 bp (from 2950 to 3807 nt) of the phaC2 gene was amplified with Primer 3 (P ...
... restriction endonuclease site. The amplified fragment was digested with restriction enzymes Xbal and HindIII and ligated into XbaI-HindIII digested pK18mobsacB vector [32], resulting in plasmid pPHAC1. Another fragment of 857 bp (from 2950 to 3807 nt) of the phaC2 gene was amplified with Primer 3 (P ...
Group 1: Macromolecules
... 5. What is the bond called that forms between two amino acids? 6. What is the name of the reaction that joins two amino acids together? 7. What type of molecule is created as a byproduct when amino acids are joined together? Slide 4: Explain how the variety exists; why are there over 100,000 types ...
... 5. What is the bond called that forms between two amino acids? 6. What is the name of the reaction that joins two amino acids together? 7. What type of molecule is created as a byproduct when amino acids are joined together? Slide 4: Explain how the variety exists; why are there over 100,000 types ...
Genetic code
The genetic code is the set of rules by which information encoded within genetic material (DNA or mRNA sequences) is translated into proteins by living cells. Biological decoding is accomplished by the ribosome, which links amino acids in an order specified by mRNA, using transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules to carry amino acids and to read the mRNA three nucleotides at a time. The genetic code is highly similar among all organisms and can be expressed in a simple table with 64 entries.The code defines how sequences of these nucleotide triplets, called codons, specify which amino acid will be added next during protein synthesis. With some exceptions, a three-nucleotide codon in a nucleic acid sequence specifies a single amino acid. Because the vast majority of genes are encoded with exactly the same code (see the RNA codon table), this particular code is often referred to as the canonical or standard genetic code, or simply the genetic code, though in fact some variant codes have evolved. For example, protein synthesis in human mitochondria relies on a genetic code that differs from the standard genetic code.While the genetic code determines the protein sequence for a given coding region, other genomic regions can influence when and where these proteins are produced.