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... atmosphere (Chapter 2). Insolation then passes through the atmosphere to Earth’s surface (Chapter 3). From Earth’s surface, and surface energy balances (Chapter 4) generate patterns of world temperature (Chapter 5) and general and local atmospheric circulation (Chapter 6). Each of the text’s four pa ...
... atmosphere (Chapter 2). Insolation then passes through the atmosphere to Earth’s surface (Chapter 3). From Earth’s surface, and surface energy balances (Chapter 4) generate patterns of world temperature (Chapter 5) and general and local atmospheric circulation (Chapter 6). Each of the text’s four pa ...
2. The World at Large: From the Big Bang to Black Holes
... far away. The night sky would be everywhere as bright as the surface of a star. The night sky is dark, however, and therefore this assumption about the stars cannot be correct. Johannes Kepler in 1610 had already noticed that the darkness of the night sky contradicted some older ideas about the stru ...
... far away. The night sky would be everywhere as bright as the surface of a star. The night sky is dark, however, and therefore this assumption about the stars cannot be correct. Johannes Kepler in 1610 had already noticed that the darkness of the night sky contradicted some older ideas about the stru ...
May 2010 - Pomona Valley Amateur Astronomers
... depending on whether the source is coming or going. Thus, stars which are going away from us have the hydrogen lines shifted toward the red by an amount which depends on the speed of separation. Within our galaxy, and nearby galaxies, the density hasn’t changed much since the light we see was emitte ...
... depending on whether the source is coming or going. Thus, stars which are going away from us have the hydrogen lines shifted toward the red by an amount which depends on the speed of separation. Within our galaxy, and nearby galaxies, the density hasn’t changed much since the light we see was emitte ...
plasmas and fusion reactions
... When geologists realized that fossil fuels such as coal and oil are the remains of living matter that existed millions of years ago, the conclusion is that their origin is from the sun, which has been shining steadily for a long time. It is obvious that chemical energy and gravitational potential en ...
... When geologists realized that fossil fuels such as coal and oil are the remains of living matter that existed millions of years ago, the conclusion is that their origin is from the sun, which has been shining steadily for a long time. It is obvious that chemical energy and gravitational potential en ...
whole unit notes
... We could replace the forces with one force (called a resultant force) which would have exactly the same affect on the object. For the forces shown in the diagram above, we can say: ...
... We could replace the forces with one force (called a resultant force) which would have exactly the same affect on the object. For the forces shown in the diagram above, we can say: ...
Hubble - 15 Years of Discovery
... In 2003, Hubble spotted something moving fast enough across the background of faraway stars to be an object within the Solar System. Estimates show that it could be about the size of a planet and it has been named Sedna, after an Inuit goddess. Sedna may be 1500 km in diameter, that’s about three qu ...
... In 2003, Hubble spotted something moving fast enough across the background of faraway stars to be an object within the Solar System. Estimates show that it could be about the size of a planet and it has been named Sedna, after an Inuit goddess. Sedna may be 1500 km in diameter, that’s about three qu ...
Sirius Astronomer - Orange County Astronomers
... As I'm sure you know, this is the first President’s message in a long time. It is also my first, for which I apologize. My job has kept me so busy these last few months; I haven’t been able to write to you all. But, let’s get started… I’ve had the pleasure of being an OCA member for several years. I ...
... As I'm sure you know, this is the first President’s message in a long time. It is also my first, for which I apologize. My job has kept me so busy these last few months; I haven’t been able to write to you all. But, let’s get started… I’ve had the pleasure of being an OCA member for several years. I ...
GALAXIES Reading Comprehension
... thought to be nearly as old as the universe itself. Some estimates age the galaxy at over 13 billion years. It is part of a cluster of galaxies known as the Local Group. Two smaller galaxies and a number of dwarf galaxies actually orbit the Milky Way, ...
... thought to be nearly as old as the universe itself. Some estimates age the galaxy at over 13 billion years. It is part of a cluster of galaxies known as the Local Group. Two smaller galaxies and a number of dwarf galaxies actually orbit the Milky Way, ...
The universe and our planet
... They are separated by enormous distances and the space between them is empty. Galaxies are usually found in groups or galaxy clusters. A galaxy is a large group of stars: between 100 000 and 500 million. Towards the centre of the galaxy, the stars are close together, but in the outer areas of the ga ...
... They are separated by enormous distances and the space between them is empty. Galaxies are usually found in groups or galaxy clusters. A galaxy is a large group of stars: between 100 000 and 500 million. Towards the centre of the galaxy, the stars are close together, but in the outer areas of the ga ...
Image Credit - Northwestern University
... • Independent of the direction they pointed the telescope. • Corresponded to an “antenna temperature” of 3.5 K • Not due to atmosphere (would be greater if pointed toward horizon) • Did not vary with time of day or year! – Not from Milky Way or Solar System – Cosmic? ...
... • Independent of the direction they pointed the telescope. • Corresponded to an “antenna temperature” of 3.5 K • Not due to atmosphere (would be greater if pointed toward horizon) • Did not vary with time of day or year! – Not from Milky Way or Solar System – Cosmic? ...
P38.Planet Sedna
... every 40 days or so (only Mercury and Venus are known to rotate more slowly). This could be the ...
... every 40 days or so (only Mercury and Venus are known to rotate more slowly). This could be the ...
A Review of Macroscopic Motion in Thermodynamic Equilibrium
... requiring maximum internal energy and minimum macroscopic energy EM, this being a characteristic of rigid-body motion: Very small but still macroscopic parts of a fully isolated systems in thermal equilibrium move as if points of a rigid body [1a, b]. Surprisingly, thorough introductory treaties, su ...
... requiring maximum internal energy and minimum macroscopic energy EM, this being a characteristic of rigid-body motion: Very small but still macroscopic parts of a fully isolated systems in thermal equilibrium move as if points of a rigid body [1a, b]. Surprisingly, thorough introductory treaties, su ...
Geosystems-7th-Edition-Christopherson-Solution
... atmosphere (Chapter 2). Insolation then passes through the atmosphere to Earth’s surface (Chapter 3). From Earth’s surface, and surface energy balances (Chapter 4) generate patterns of world temperature (Chapter 5) and general and local atmospheric circulation (Chapter 6). Each of the text’s four pa ...
... atmosphere (Chapter 2). Insolation then passes through the atmosphere to Earth’s surface (Chapter 3). From Earth’s surface, and surface energy balances (Chapter 4) generate patterns of world temperature (Chapter 5) and general and local atmospheric circulation (Chapter 6). Each of the text’s four pa ...
Characteristics Of The Universe Origin Of Universe
... space. The shape of space is, surprisingly, curved. On a very large scale—millions or even billions of light-years across— space has a three-dimensional “saddle shape” that mathematicians refer to as “negative curvature.” In our daily lives, however, it is such a tiny effect that we do not notice it ...
... space. The shape of space is, surprisingly, curved. On a very large scale—millions or even billions of light-years across— space has a three-dimensional “saddle shape” that mathematicians refer to as “negative curvature.” In our daily lives, however, it is such a tiny effect that we do not notice it ...
valenica_2014_planetarium2
... dome. Squashing the dome of course leads to distortions that are not seen in the planetarium dome. ...
... dome. Squashing the dome of course leads to distortions that are not seen in the planetarium dome. ...
Lect12-3-10-10
... gas and heat it up, so that the gas that did not collapse into these young stars is pushed away. Behind the visible nebula is a dense cloud of molecular hydrogen gas, from which infrared observations show that many more stars have recently formed. In time, these newest stars will also expel the bulk ...
... gas and heat it up, so that the gas that did not collapse into these young stars is pushed away. Behind the visible nebula is a dense cloud of molecular hydrogen gas, from which infrared observations show that many more stars have recently formed. In time, these newest stars will also expel the bulk ...
printer-friendly sample test questions
... B. Edwin Hubble showing that more distant galaxies are moving away more slowly. C. Albert Einstein showing that space and matter expand at a decreasing rate. D. Albert Einstein showing that space and matter expand at an increasing rate. 2. Hubble’s law states that the faster A. a spiral galaxy’s rot ...
... B. Edwin Hubble showing that more distant galaxies are moving away more slowly. C. Albert Einstein showing that space and matter expand at a decreasing rate. D. Albert Einstein showing that space and matter expand at an increasing rate. 2. Hubble’s law states that the faster A. a spiral galaxy’s rot ...
Hubble - schoolphysics
... and therefore to the measurement of the size of the Universe. At present its value if thought to be about 70 kms-1 Mpc-1. This means that: The velocity of recession of a galaxy increases by 70 kms-1 for every 1 Mpc increase in distance. The value of H can be found by measuring the distance of anothe ...
... and therefore to the measurement of the size of the Universe. At present its value if thought to be about 70 kms-1 Mpc-1. This means that: The velocity of recession of a galaxy increases by 70 kms-1 for every 1 Mpc increase in distance. The value of H can be found by measuring the distance of anothe ...
galaxy phenomenology
... ‣ the most luminous AGN are called quasars (can outshine entire host galaxy) ‣ in local Universe, quasars are associated with galaxy mergers ...
... ‣ the most luminous AGN are called quasars (can outshine entire host galaxy) ‣ in local Universe, quasars are associated with galaxy mergers ...
Astronomy_Course_Summary
... Students understand the basic motions of the solar system and their effects on the earth. Target(s) to Meet Learning Objective #1 Explain the concept of the celestial sphere and the conventions of angular measurement that enable us to locate objects in the sky. Describe how the Sun, Moon, and th ...
... Students understand the basic motions of the solar system and their effects on the earth. Target(s) to Meet Learning Objective #1 Explain the concept of the celestial sphere and the conventions of angular measurement that enable us to locate objects in the sky. Describe how the Sun, Moon, and th ...
Universe, Galaxies, and Stars – The Basics
... 2. The rest of the elements (heavy elements) were made through nuclear fusion in the core of stars and during supernovas. 3. You have many more elements than just hydrogen and helium that make up your body. 4. The heavy elements in your body are mainly incorporated into your body from the food you e ...
... 2. The rest of the elements (heavy elements) were made through nuclear fusion in the core of stars and during supernovas. 3. You have many more elements than just hydrogen and helium that make up your body. 4. The heavy elements in your body are mainly incorporated into your body from the food you e ...
Astronomical and Physical Sciences
... changes could occur in almost perfect step with the slow increase in the Sun’s radiation. • Until some evidence supports such “special pleadings,” it does not appear the Sun evolved. • If the Sun, a typical and well-studied star, did not evolve, then why presume that all other stars did? ...
... changes could occur in almost perfect step with the slow increase in the Sun’s radiation. • Until some evidence supports such “special pleadings,” it does not appear the Sun evolved. • If the Sun, a typical and well-studied star, did not evolve, then why presume that all other stars did? ...
What is a Solar System?
... cause of the birth of stars and galaxies. Inflation ends and releases a large amount of energy and replaces the hot exotic matter with quarks, protons, gluons, neutrons etc. The hot matter either decayed into less exotic materials or it went to far parts of the Universe which we may never see. The m ...
... cause of the birth of stars and galaxies. Inflation ends and releases a large amount of energy and replaces the hot exotic matter with quarks, protons, gluons, neutrons etc. The hot matter either decayed into less exotic materials or it went to far parts of the Universe which we may never see. The m ...
Fine structure of the interplanetary shocks observed by BMSW
... excessively steep spatial gradients, and their steepening is determined by the interaction between nonlinear processes of dispersion and dissipation. The definition of the characteristic scale of the shock front is an important task, because it allow us to determine the dominant processes in the int ...
... excessively steep spatial gradients, and their steepening is determined by the interaction between nonlinear processes of dispersion and dissipation. The definition of the characteristic scale of the shock front is an important task, because it allow us to determine the dominant processes in the int ...
Outer space
Outer space, or just space, is the void that exists between celestial bodies, including the Earth. It is not completely empty, but consists of a hard vacuum containing a low density of particles, predominantly a plasma of hydrogen and helium as well as electromagnetic radiation, magnetic fields, neutrinos, dust and cosmic rays. The baseline temperature, as set by the background radiation from the Big Bang, is 2.7 kelvin (K). Plasma with a number density of less than one hydrogen atom per cubic metre and a temperature of millions of kelvin in the space between galaxies accounts for most of the baryonic (ordinary) matter in outer space; local concentrations have condensed into stars and galaxies. In most galaxies, observations provide evidence that 90% of the mass is in an unknown form, called dark matter, which interacts with other matter through gravitational but not electromagnetic forces. Data indicates that the majority of the mass-energy in the observable Universe is a poorly understood vacuum energy of space which astronomers label dark energy. Intergalactic space takes up most of the volume of the Universe, but even galaxies and star systems consist almost entirely of empty space.There is no firm boundary where space begins. However the Kármán line, at an altitude of 100 km (62 mi) above sea level, is conventionally used as the start of outer space in space treaties and for aerospace records keeping. The framework for international space law was established by the Outer Space Treaty, which was passed by the United Nations in 1967. This treaty precludes any claims of national sovereignty and permits all states to freely explore outer space. Despite the drafting of UN resolutions for the peaceful uses of outer space, anti-satellite weapons have been tested in Earth orbit.Humans began the physical exploration of space during the 20th century with the advent of high-altitude balloon flights, followed by manned rocket launches. Earth orbit was first achieved by Yuri Gagarin of the Soviet Union in 1961 and unmanned spacecraft have since reached all of the known planets in the Solar System. Due to the high cost of getting into space, manned spaceflight has been limited to low Earth orbit and the Moon.Outer space represents a challenging environment for human exploration because of the dual hazards of vacuum and radiation. Microgravity also has a negative effect on human physiology that causes both muscle atrophy and bone loss. In addition to these health and environmental issues, the economic cost of putting objects, including humans, into space is high.