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... Rugheimer et al. (2013), Rauer et al. (2011) and Godolt et al. (2015). Selsis (2000) used a 1D atmospheric model to simulate how the chemical and thermal structure of the Earth would have evolved, had it been orbiting a F9 and a K2 star. His simulations revealed that the amount of ozone increased ...
... Rugheimer et al. (2013), Rauer et al. (2011) and Godolt et al. (2015). Selsis (2000) used a 1D atmospheric model to simulate how the chemical and thermal structure of the Earth would have evolved, had it been orbiting a F9 and a K2 star. His simulations revealed that the amount of ozone increased ...
Dark matter scaling relations and the assembly epoch of Coma early
... K2000 galaxies are brighter (and have higher stellar mass) than Coma early-types with a similar halo. Can this be an artifact related to differences in the dynamical models? Many of the K2000 models are based on B-band photometry, while we used RC -band images for the Coma galaxies. Elliptical galax ...
... K2000 galaxies are brighter (and have higher stellar mass) than Coma early-types with a similar halo. Can this be an artifact related to differences in the dynamical models? Many of the K2000 models are based on B-band photometry, while we used RC -band images for the Coma galaxies. Elliptical galax ...
Planet X, Comets and Earth Changes
... with their own eyes, and to claim now that the Great Flood and these remnants never existed, or to minimize it as some smaller localized event. When Aristotle’s uncle Solon traveled to Egypt, his intention was to research for the young Greek nation the history of the human race. Still in existence w ...
... with their own eyes, and to claim now that the Great Flood and these remnants never existed, or to minimize it as some smaller localized event. When Aristotle’s uncle Solon traveled to Egypt, his intention was to research for the young Greek nation the history of the human race. Still in existence w ...
4gravitation - The Gravity Search
... comprising up and down quarks, arranged in parallel similar to batteries connected in parallel but in this case with three terminal connections. These sub-atomic particles are arranged with the protons 2 positive up quarks and the 1 down quark, connected by attraction to the neutrons 2 down quarks a ...
... comprising up and down quarks, arranged in parallel similar to batteries connected in parallel but in this case with three terminal connections. These sub-atomic particles are arranged with the protons 2 positive up quarks and the 1 down quark, connected by attraction to the neutrons 2 down quarks a ...
Introduction to Cosmology - Experimental Elementary Particle
... of our Galaxy is not known as accurately as the mass of the Sun; in round numbers, though, it is Mgal ≈ 1012 M¯ . The Sun, incidentally, also provides the standard unit of power used in astronomy. The Sun’s luminosity (that is, the rate at which it radiates away energy in the form of light) is 1 L¯ ...
... of our Galaxy is not known as accurately as the mass of the Sun; in round numbers, though, it is Mgal ≈ 1012 M¯ . The Sun, incidentally, also provides the standard unit of power used in astronomy. The Sun’s luminosity (that is, the rate at which it radiates away energy in the form of light) is 1 L¯ ...
Local Group Encyclopedia of Astronomy & Astrophysics eaa.iop.org Mario L Mateo
... unevolved systems. These galaxies may be forming stars in large quantities for the first time in their lives. As such, these galaxies are invaluable ‘living fossils’ that can tell us of the properties of gas and stars in the early universe. One particularly interesting Local Group irregular galaxy i ...
... unevolved systems. These galaxies may be forming stars in large quantities for the first time in their lives. As such, these galaxies are invaluable ‘living fossils’ that can tell us of the properties of gas and stars in the early universe. One particularly interesting Local Group irregular galaxy i ...
Sublimation temperature of circumstellar dust particles and its importance Hiroshi Kobayashi
... dust particles in the dust source, we have b = (11 + 3 p)/(6 + 3 p) for the steady state of collisional evolution, where v 2 /Q ∗D ∝ m − p (Kobayashi and Tanaka, 2010). Here, Q ∗D is the specific impact energy threshold for destructive collisions and v is the collisional velocity. From the hydrodyna ...
... dust particles in the dust source, we have b = (11 + 3 p)/(6 + 3 p) for the steady state of collisional evolution, where v 2 /Q ∗D ∝ m − p (Kobayashi and Tanaka, 2010). Here, Q ∗D is the specific impact energy threshold for destructive collisions and v is the collisional velocity. From the hydrodyna ...
Galaxies
... The radiation from these galaxies is called nonstellar radiation Many luminous galaxies are experiencing an outburst of star formation, probably due to interactions with a neighbor These galaxies are called starburst galaxies, and we will discuss them later The galaxies we will discuss now are those ...
... The radiation from these galaxies is called nonstellar radiation Many luminous galaxies are experiencing an outburst of star formation, probably due to interactions with a neighbor These galaxies are called starburst galaxies, and we will discuss them later The galaxies we will discuss now are those ...
BARS FROM THE INSIDE OUT: AN HST STUDY OF THEIR DUSTY
... strongly barred type and SB(r) the weakest. However, the SB(s) sample does . If only galaxies with include more galaxies with late type and large are included (the range of the SB(r) sample), the mean value of for the SB(s) class decreases to 0.35 (11 galaxies). It would be valuable to revisit the S ...
... strongly barred type and SB(r) the weakest. However, the SB(s) sample does . If only galaxies with include more galaxies with late type and large are included (the range of the SB(r) sample), the mean value of for the SB(s) class decreases to 0.35 (11 galaxies). It would be valuable to revisit the S ...
Infrared Observations of Interstellar Ices Adwin Boogert NASA Herschel Science Center
... mechanism (heating, UV light, cosmic rays) is relevant where? Do processed ices survive and how? ...
... mechanism (heating, UV light, cosmic rays) is relevant where? Do processed ices survive and how? ...
The Collision Between The Milky Way And Andromeda
... ∼ 5 Gyr ago. 3 We also postulate that the Local Group volume contains close to the cosmic mean value of baryons, namely 16% (Spergel et al. 2003). Since the Milky Way and Andromeda galaxy models only include baryons in the galactic disk and bulge components, they are far short of this value. We ther ...
... ∼ 5 Gyr ago. 3 We also postulate that the Local Group volume contains close to the cosmic mean value of baryons, namely 16% (Spergel et al. 2003). Since the Milky Way and Andromeda galaxy models only include baryons in the galactic disk and bulge components, they are far short of this value. We ther ...
Dusty plasma effects in near earth space and interplanetary medium
... decades and assume that the flux amounts to 10 ton/day or more locally and temporarily. Note that the mass distribution of objects smaller than 100 g peaks at roughly 10−8 kg (see Fig. 3 in Grün et al. 1985 ), implying that radar observations cover that interval in the dust and meteoroids populatio ...
... decades and assume that the flux amounts to 10 ton/day or more locally and temporarily. Note that the mass distribution of objects smaller than 100 g peaks at roughly 10−8 kg (see Fig. 3 in Grün et al. 1985 ), implying that radar observations cover that interval in the dust and meteoroids populatio ...
Solar Math - GLORIA Project
... with problems and examples demonstrating its applications in everyday life. Space Math offers math applications through one of the strongest motivators-Space. Technology makes it possible for students to experience the value of math, instead of just reading about it. Technology is essential to mathe ...
... with problems and examples demonstrating its applications in everyday life. Space Math offers math applications through one of the strongest motivators-Space. Technology makes it possible for students to experience the value of math, instead of just reading about it. Technology is essential to mathe ...
Lab 14 Galaxy Morphology
... appeared similar to comets, but did not move. Others of these nebulae were resolved into clusters of stars as bigger telescopes were constructed, and used to examine them. Some of these fuzzy nebulae, however, did not break-up into stars no matter how big a telescope was used to look at them. While ...
... appeared similar to comets, but did not move. Others of these nebulae were resolved into clusters of stars as bigger telescopes were constructed, and used to examine them. Some of these fuzzy nebulae, however, did not break-up into stars no matter how big a telescope was used to look at them. While ...
Dark Energy from the Gas of Wormholes
... function and corresponds to the standard methods (e.g., Ritza method, etc.). In Section 3 we investigate properties of the two-point Green function. We show that the presence of the gas of virtual wormholes can be described by the topological bias exactly as it happens in the presence of actual worm ...
... function and corresponds to the standard methods (e.g., Ritza method, etc.). In Section 3 we investigate properties of the two-point Green function. We show that the presence of the gas of virtual wormholes can be described by the topological bias exactly as it happens in the presence of actual worm ...
Document
... • Where massive stars are forming, some small number can go supernova • In certain circumstances, supernovae are associated with extraordinarily luminous, highly beamed flashes of gamma rays • These are known as Gamma Ray Bursts (GRBs) and can be used as tracers of low mass star formation • At high ...
... • Where massive stars are forming, some small number can go supernova • In certain circumstances, supernovae are associated with extraordinarily luminous, highly beamed flashes of gamma rays • These are known as Gamma Ray Bursts (GRBs) and can be used as tracers of low mass star formation • At high ...
original version
... does happen, in the most extreme form as Ultra-Luminous InfraRed Galaxies (ULIRGs), and numerical simulations can also produce much enhanced SFRs (e.g., [1,2]). A question that is vital is whether any galaxy-galaxy interaction or merger is accompanied by a significant increase in the SFR, and whethe ...
... does happen, in the most extreme form as Ultra-Luminous InfraRed Galaxies (ULIRGs), and numerical simulations can also produce much enhanced SFRs (e.g., [1,2]). A question that is vital is whether any galaxy-galaxy interaction or merger is accompanied by a significant increase in the SFR, and whethe ...
Galaxies - WordPress.com
... A galaxies occasionally collide with one another, particularly within cluster of galaxies B galaxies are so closely packed in the universe that they are always interacting with one another C galaxies are so widely separated that they never interact or collide D the universe is composed of one giant ...
... A galaxies occasionally collide with one another, particularly within cluster of galaxies B galaxies are so closely packed in the universe that they are always interacting with one another C galaxies are so widely separated that they never interact or collide D the universe is composed of one giant ...
Building galaxies Hunt, Leslie Kipp
... conjectured that “There may be innumerable spheres of this kind or starry heavens in the finite universe”. Thomas Wright of Durham, England, a few years after, interpreted the observations at that time of “the many cloudy Spots, just perceivable by us, as far without our starry Regions”. This idea w ...
... conjectured that “There may be innumerable spheres of this kind or starry heavens in the finite universe”. Thomas Wright of Durham, England, a few years after, interpreted the observations at that time of “the many cloudy Spots, just perceivable by us, as far without our starry Regions”. This idea w ...
Astronomy WHS Sow
... With the discovery during the latter half of the 20th century of more objects within the Solar System and large objects around other stars, disputes arose over what should constitute a planet. There was particular disagreement over whether an object should be considered a planet if it was part of a ...
... With the discovery during the latter half of the 20th century of more objects within the Solar System and large objects around other stars, disputes arose over what should constitute a planet. There was particular disagreement over whether an object should be considered a planet if it was part of a ...
The Oort Cloud
... approach the sun at the very edge of their orbits, and then take off again to distances as much as a hundred thousand times greater than the distance of the Earth from the Sun. As a result these comets spend most of their time far beyond the orbit of the outermost planets, and, if they preserve thei ...
... approach the sun at the very edge of their orbits, and then take off again to distances as much as a hundred thousand times greater than the distance of the Earth from the Sun. As a result these comets spend most of their time far beyond the orbit of the outermost planets, and, if they preserve thei ...
Brochure - Institut für Raumfahrtsysteme
... grains will melt, recondense, and the volatile components are more likely to vaporise and be depleted. In the outer parts of the protoplanetary disc, the grains will retain larger amounts of volatile material (such as ices) and show a different mixture of isotopes. Thus, the outer regions remain in ...
... grains will melt, recondense, and the volatile components are more likely to vaporise and be depleted. In the outer parts of the protoplanetary disc, the grains will retain larger amounts of volatile material (such as ices) and show a different mixture of isotopes. Thus, the outer regions remain in ...
Carnegie Observatories Astrophysics Series, Vol. 4:
... Certain elements – Si and Fe being prime examples – are often extremely depleted from the interstellar gas (Jenkins 2003). The explanation for this depletion is that the atoms that are “missing” from the gas phase are located in solid particles – interstellar dust grains. The existence of this solid ...
... Certain elements – Si and Fe being prime examples – are often extremely depleted from the interstellar gas (Jenkins 2003). The explanation for this depletion is that the atoms that are “missing” from the gas phase are located in solid particles – interstellar dust grains. The existence of this solid ...
The Plasma Physics Processes that Drive Ring Current
... surface of our planet matter tends to be in a solid, liquid, or gaseous state, the vast majority of the universe by volume (>99.9%) is comprised of plasma, which is an electrically neutral, highly ionized gas composed of roughly equal numbers of ions and electrons. As humans venture away from the ne ...
... surface of our planet matter tends to be in a solid, liquid, or gaseous state, the vast majority of the universe by volume (>99.9%) is comprised of plasma, which is an electrically neutral, highly ionized gas composed of roughly equal numbers of ions and electrons. As humans venture away from the ne ...
Outer space
Outer space, or just space, is the void that exists between celestial bodies, including the Earth. It is not completely empty, but consists of a hard vacuum containing a low density of particles, predominantly a plasma of hydrogen and helium as well as electromagnetic radiation, magnetic fields, neutrinos, dust and cosmic rays. The baseline temperature, as set by the background radiation from the Big Bang, is 2.7 kelvin (K). Plasma with a number density of less than one hydrogen atom per cubic metre and a temperature of millions of kelvin in the space between galaxies accounts for most of the baryonic (ordinary) matter in outer space; local concentrations have condensed into stars and galaxies. In most galaxies, observations provide evidence that 90% of the mass is in an unknown form, called dark matter, which interacts with other matter through gravitational but not electromagnetic forces. Data indicates that the majority of the mass-energy in the observable Universe is a poorly understood vacuum energy of space which astronomers label dark energy. Intergalactic space takes up most of the volume of the Universe, but even galaxies and star systems consist almost entirely of empty space.There is no firm boundary where space begins. However the Kármán line, at an altitude of 100 km (62 mi) above sea level, is conventionally used as the start of outer space in space treaties and for aerospace records keeping. The framework for international space law was established by the Outer Space Treaty, which was passed by the United Nations in 1967. This treaty precludes any claims of national sovereignty and permits all states to freely explore outer space. Despite the drafting of UN resolutions for the peaceful uses of outer space, anti-satellite weapons have been tested in Earth orbit.Humans began the physical exploration of space during the 20th century with the advent of high-altitude balloon flights, followed by manned rocket launches. Earth orbit was first achieved by Yuri Gagarin of the Soviet Union in 1961 and unmanned spacecraft have since reached all of the known planets in the Solar System. Due to the high cost of getting into space, manned spaceflight has been limited to low Earth orbit and the Moon.Outer space represents a challenging environment for human exploration because of the dual hazards of vacuum and radiation. Microgravity also has a negative effect on human physiology that causes both muscle atrophy and bone loss. In addition to these health and environmental issues, the economic cost of putting objects, including humans, into space is high.