Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropies:
... • Recombination: almost of all free electrons were captured by protons, and formed hydrogen atoms • Hereafter, photons could be freely traveled. Before recombination, photons frequently scattered off electrons. ...
... • Recombination: almost of all free electrons were captured by protons, and formed hydrogen atoms • Hereafter, photons could be freely traveled. Before recombination, photons frequently scattered off electrons. ...
Galaxy Hunters Article, Cosmology Information, First Star Facts
... of stars resided far beyond the confines of the Milky Way. But if Andromeda was a separate galaxy, then maybe many of the other nebulae in the sky were galaxies as well. The known universe suddenly ballooned in size. Hubble soon recognized that galaxies come in three varieties. Ellipticals, which co ...
... of stars resided far beyond the confines of the Milky Way. But if Andromeda was a separate galaxy, then maybe many of the other nebulae in the sky were galaxies as well. The known universe suddenly ballooned in size. Hubble soon recognized that galaxies come in three varieties. Ellipticals, which co ...
UniverseofGalaxies
... Dwarf galaxies • Dwarf galaxies – Low surface brightness – Less than 5000 ly across – Some are irregular, some are elliptical – Various star formation histories ...
... Dwarf galaxies • Dwarf galaxies – Low surface brightness – Less than 5000 ly across – Some are irregular, some are elliptical – Various star formation histories ...
The Early Universe
... quantum fluctuations The seeds of galaxies cannot be infinitely close together ...
... quantum fluctuations The seeds of galaxies cannot be infinitely close together ...
M104: The Sombrero Galaxy
... This photogenic galaxy looks like a broad-brimmed Mexican hat floating in space. Appropriately called the Sombrero Galaxy, its catalogue name is Messier 104 (M104). Thick dust lanes make up the brim of the galaxy. The brim winds into the brilliant white crown, made up of a central bulge of older sta ...
... This photogenic galaxy looks like a broad-brimmed Mexican hat floating in space. Appropriately called the Sombrero Galaxy, its catalogue name is Messier 104 (M104). Thick dust lanes make up the brim of the galaxy. The brim winds into the brilliant white crown, made up of a central bulge of older sta ...
Dynamics of elliptical galaxies
... Galaxies that appear elliptical on the sky may be intrinsically oblate, prolate, or triaxial, depending upon their symmetries: ...
... Galaxies that appear elliptical on the sky may be intrinsically oblate, prolate, or triaxial, depending upon their symmetries: ...
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... 2 percent of this material into heavier elements, including all the elements of which we and Earth are made. Stars expel this material through winds and explosions, and the galaxy recycles it into new generations of stars. When a new star system forms, it therefore contains the ingredients needed to ...
... 2 percent of this material into heavier elements, including all the elements of which we and Earth are made. Stars expel this material through winds and explosions, and the galaxy recycles it into new generations of stars. When a new star system forms, it therefore contains the ingredients needed to ...
PowerPoint Lecture - UCSD Department of Physics
... – if you burn in half-hour, SPF 10 will protect you for 5 hours – a thin, white t-shirt may be only SPF 4 or so – sitting in shade but with lots of blue sky exposure may be ...
... – if you burn in half-hour, SPF 10 will protect you for 5 hours – a thin, white t-shirt may be only SPF 4 or so – sitting in shade but with lots of blue sky exposure may be ...
Solar Lab
... crystalline spheres held the Sun, planets and stars which revolved around the Earth (geocentric). And most importantly, the universe, and more specifically the Sun, was perfect and unblemished. It wasn’t until a Renaissance man by the name of Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543) initially challenged that ...
... crystalline spheres held the Sun, planets and stars which revolved around the Earth (geocentric). And most importantly, the universe, and more specifically the Sun, was perfect and unblemished. It wasn’t until a Renaissance man by the name of Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543) initially challenged that ...
The Solar System and Beyond
... Tides The Moon’s gravity pulls on Earth. One effect of the Moon’s gravity is tides. Tides are an alternate rise and fall in sea level. They are most noticeable along a beach. At high tide, water moves farther onto the beach. At low tide, water moves off the beach. Tides occur because the Moon’s grav ...
... Tides The Moon’s gravity pulls on Earth. One effect of the Moon’s gravity is tides. Tides are an alternate rise and fall in sea level. They are most noticeable along a beach. At high tide, water moves farther onto the beach. At low tide, water moves off the beach. Tides occur because the Moon’s grav ...
Liouville`s Theorem - Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
... Liouville’s theorem tells us that the density of points representing particles – “representative points” (RP) – in six dimensional (6-D) x, p phase space is conserved as the RP propagate if certain conditions are met. Specifically, any forces encountered by the particles must be conservative and dif ...
... Liouville’s theorem tells us that the density of points representing particles – “representative points” (RP) – in six dimensional (6-D) x, p phase space is conserved as the RP propagate if certain conditions are met. Specifically, any forces encountered by the particles must be conservative and dif ...
Chapter 16 Option E: ASTROPHYSICS
... in “diameter”. A light year is the distance that light travels in a year. here are about 3.2 × 107 seconds in a year. he Milky Way is one of about 25 galaxies that make up a so-called “local cluster”. Some 50 million light-years from our local cluster is another cluster of galaxies, the Virgo cluste ...
... in “diameter”. A light year is the distance that light travels in a year. here are about 3.2 × 107 seconds in a year. he Milky Way is one of about 25 galaxies that make up a so-called “local cluster”. Some 50 million light-years from our local cluster is another cluster of galaxies, the Virgo cluste ...
Solar system - Wikimedia Commons
... "stellar nursery" likely very similar to have formed by accretion: the planets the primordial nebula from which our began as dust grains in orbit around the Sun formed. central protostar; then gathered by direct contact into clumps between one and ten metres in diameter; then collided to form larger ...
... "stellar nursery" likely very similar to have formed by accretion: the planets the primordial nebula from which our began as dust grains in orbit around the Sun formed. central protostar; then gathered by direct contact into clumps between one and ten metres in diameter; then collided to form larger ...
The Submillimeter Frontier: A Space Science Imperative
... very local dust from young hot stars and supernovae. Interstellar shocks reprocess the dust. Some heavy elements enrich the newly ionized intergalactic medium, driven by high pressures and outflows from small galaxies with insufficient gravity to retain the debris. Gas liberated from the galaxies by ...
... very local dust from young hot stars and supernovae. Interstellar shocks reprocess the dust. Some heavy elements enrich the newly ionized intergalactic medium, driven by high pressures and outflows from small galaxies with insufficient gravity to retain the debris. Gas liberated from the galaxies by ...
supplemental educational materials PDF
... asteroid belt, located between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. There may be as many as 100 million objects in the Kuiper Belt. Long-period comets require more than 200 years to orbit the Sun, generally taking many thousands to a few millions of years. These comets spend most of their time in the vas ...
... asteroid belt, located between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. There may be as many as 100 million objects in the Kuiper Belt. Long-period comets require more than 200 years to orbit the Sun, generally taking many thousands to a few millions of years. These comets spend most of their time in the vas ...
Lab 7: Galaxies
... version of an ellipse, it looks like a squashed circle. An elliptical galaxy has an ellisoidal shape, so no matter how it is oriented with respect to the Earth it appears to be an ellipse. Elliptical galaxies are designated by the letter “E” on the tuning fork. The letter is followed by a number 0 t ...
... version of an ellipse, it looks like a squashed circle. An elliptical galaxy has an ellisoidal shape, so no matter how it is oriented with respect to the Earth it appears to be an ellipse. Elliptical galaxies are designated by the letter “E” on the tuning fork. The letter is followed by a number 0 t ...
Chapter 1: The Sun - New Hampshire Public Television
... extraordinary sensitivity. COBE was also to search for radiation released by the earliest galaxies soon after their birth. The overall objective was to answer basic questions about the Big Bang and how clusters of galaxies came about. Astronomers generally agree that the Universe originated in an ex ...
... extraordinary sensitivity. COBE was also to search for radiation released by the earliest galaxies soon after their birth. The overall objective was to answer basic questions about the Big Bang and how clusters of galaxies came about. Astronomers generally agree that the Universe originated in an ex ...
Lightning above the clouds - Centrum voor Wiskunde en Informatica
... A lightning discharge develops in three stages [2]: first, the collisions between ice particles and water droplets together with gravity separate positive and negative charges inside the thundercloud and build up a voltage. Then a discharge grows, forming a socalled streamer-leader tree. Finally, wh ...
... A lightning discharge develops in three stages [2]: first, the collisions between ice particles and water droplets together with gravity separate positive and negative charges inside the thundercloud and build up a voltage. Then a discharge grows, forming a socalled streamer-leader tree. Finally, wh ...
Switzerland in space Cutting-edge research and high-tech
... every 15 minutes. These provide meteorologists with an accurate overview of the weather situation and are an indispensable tool for making weather forecasts and issuing weather alerts in particular. Satellite images make it possible to determine the exact position of weather fronts. The data provide ...
... every 15 minutes. These provide meteorologists with an accurate overview of the weather situation and are an indispensable tool for making weather forecasts and issuing weather alerts in particular. Satellite images make it possible to determine the exact position of weather fronts. The data provide ...
Discovery of radio afterglow from most distant cosmic explosion
... Few milliseconds to few seconds timescale Even 100 times more energetic than supernovae Brightest sources of cosmic gamma-ray photons in the universe In universe roughly 1 GRB is detected per day Short duration (< 2 sec) and long duration (> 2sec) ...
... Few milliseconds to few seconds timescale Even 100 times more energetic than supernovae Brightest sources of cosmic gamma-ray photons in the universe In universe roughly 1 GRB is detected per day Short duration (< 2 sec) and long duration (> 2sec) ...
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... 2 percent of this material into heavier elements, including all the elements of which we and Earth are made. Stars expel this material through winds and explosions, and the galaxy recycles it into new generations of stars. When a new star system forms, it therefore contains the ingredients needed to ...
... 2 percent of this material into heavier elements, including all the elements of which we and Earth are made. Stars expel this material through winds and explosions, and the galaxy recycles it into new generations of stars. When a new star system forms, it therefore contains the ingredients needed to ...
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... clusters, he referred to them as cluster-type variables; this terminology lasted for quite some time. But, Kiess wrote, “More surprising than the fact that variable stars are present in clusters, was the fact that in the great majority of instances the variation is of a new type.” These stars had sh ...
... clusters, he referred to them as cluster-type variables; this terminology lasted for quite some time. But, Kiess wrote, “More surprising than the fact that variable stars are present in clusters, was the fact that in the great majority of instances the variation is of a new type.” These stars had sh ...
2_ISM - UCT Astronomy Department
... Why? The history review of history of determining shape and size of galaxies have shown the importance of dust absorption and scattering, and Rayleigh scattering in the determination of the true size of the Galaxy • distances to object in the Galaxy • mapping distances to other galaxies • determinat ...
... Why? The history review of history of determining shape and size of galaxies have shown the importance of dust absorption and scattering, and Rayleigh scattering in the determination of the true size of the Galaxy • distances to object in the Galaxy • mapping distances to other galaxies • determinat ...
The Archean Eon
... The spectrum of a star reveals: •The star's composition (by means of absorption lines; various elements in the star's atmosphere absorb parts of the light of the spectrum) and •Whether it is moving toward or away from the Earth (and at what speed). ...
... The spectrum of a star reveals: •The star's composition (by means of absorption lines; various elements in the star's atmosphere absorb parts of the light of the spectrum) and •Whether it is moving toward or away from the Earth (and at what speed). ...
Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
... The Sun is not a solid body, and so it would not be expected to rotate rigidly. It rotates differentially: at the surface, the polar regions rotate more slowly than the equator, causing a shearing motion between solar plasma at different latitudes. At the equator, the solar synodic rotation period ...
... The Sun is not a solid body, and so it would not be expected to rotate rigidly. It rotates differentially: at the surface, the polar regions rotate more slowly than the equator, causing a shearing motion between solar plasma at different latitudes. At the equator, the solar synodic rotation period ...
Outer space
Outer space, or just space, is the void that exists between celestial bodies, including the Earth. It is not completely empty, but consists of a hard vacuum containing a low density of particles, predominantly a plasma of hydrogen and helium as well as electromagnetic radiation, magnetic fields, neutrinos, dust and cosmic rays. The baseline temperature, as set by the background radiation from the Big Bang, is 2.7 kelvin (K). Plasma with a number density of less than one hydrogen atom per cubic metre and a temperature of millions of kelvin in the space between galaxies accounts for most of the baryonic (ordinary) matter in outer space; local concentrations have condensed into stars and galaxies. In most galaxies, observations provide evidence that 90% of the mass is in an unknown form, called dark matter, which interacts with other matter through gravitational but not electromagnetic forces. Data indicates that the majority of the mass-energy in the observable Universe is a poorly understood vacuum energy of space which astronomers label dark energy. Intergalactic space takes up most of the volume of the Universe, but even galaxies and star systems consist almost entirely of empty space.There is no firm boundary where space begins. However the Kármán line, at an altitude of 100 km (62 mi) above sea level, is conventionally used as the start of outer space in space treaties and for aerospace records keeping. The framework for international space law was established by the Outer Space Treaty, which was passed by the United Nations in 1967. This treaty precludes any claims of national sovereignty and permits all states to freely explore outer space. Despite the drafting of UN resolutions for the peaceful uses of outer space, anti-satellite weapons have been tested in Earth orbit.Humans began the physical exploration of space during the 20th century with the advent of high-altitude balloon flights, followed by manned rocket launches. Earth orbit was first achieved by Yuri Gagarin of the Soviet Union in 1961 and unmanned spacecraft have since reached all of the known planets in the Solar System. Due to the high cost of getting into space, manned spaceflight has been limited to low Earth orbit and the Moon.Outer space represents a challenging environment for human exploration because of the dual hazards of vacuum and radiation. Microgravity also has a negative effect on human physiology that causes both muscle atrophy and bone loss. In addition to these health and environmental issues, the economic cost of putting objects, including humans, into space is high.