Astronomical Ideas Fall 2012 Homework 4 Solutions 1. Two stars
... massive stars that still burn H on the main sequence is a clock, because we know that the cluster needs to be old enough so that all of the more massive stars have already burned up all of their Hydrogen and left the main sequence. ...
... massive stars that still burn H on the main sequence is a clock, because we know that the cluster needs to be old enough so that all of the more massive stars have already burned up all of their Hydrogen and left the main sequence. ...
The Science of Life in the Universe (Chap 2
... formed in stars and their explosions. Chemical elements up to Uranium formed in stars during their life cycle. Chemical elements born in supernovae ...
... formed in stars and their explosions. Chemical elements up to Uranium formed in stars during their life cycle. Chemical elements born in supernovae ...
Friday, Oct. 10
... The force of the Sun’s gravity is proportional to the mass of the Sun, and so the speeds of the planets as they orbit the Sun depend on the mass of the Sun. Newton’s generalization of Kepler’s 3rd law says: P 2 = a3 / M where P is the time to orbit, measured in years, a is the size of the orbit, mea ...
... The force of the Sun’s gravity is proportional to the mass of the Sun, and so the speeds of the planets as they orbit the Sun depend on the mass of the Sun. Newton’s generalization of Kepler’s 3rd law says: P 2 = a3 / M where P is the time to orbit, measured in years, a is the size of the orbit, mea ...
The Science of Life in the Universe (Chap 2
... formed in stars and their explosions. Chemical elements up to Uranium formed in stars during their life cycle. Chemical elements born in supernovae ...
... formed in stars and their explosions. Chemical elements up to Uranium formed in stars during their life cycle. Chemical elements born in supernovae ...
Chapter 3 Notes
... formed in stars and their explosions. Chemical elements up to Uranium formed in stars during their life cycle. Chemical elements born in supernovae ...
... formed in stars and their explosions. Chemical elements up to Uranium formed in stars during their life cycle. Chemical elements born in supernovae ...
Astronomical terms and constants
... ≈ 1.4 × 1010 years = Hubble time, approximate age of the universe. 0 = dH c Units of mass M⊙ = 2 × 1033 g = solar mass. Known stars have masses in the range 0.08 − 100 M⊙ . Below about 0.08 M⊙ the objects are brown dwarfs. Units of luminosity, magnitudes L⊙ = 4 × 1033 erg s−1 = solar luminosity. Kno ...
... ≈ 1.4 × 1010 years = Hubble time, approximate age of the universe. 0 = dH c Units of mass M⊙ = 2 × 1033 g = solar mass. Known stars have masses in the range 0.08 − 100 M⊙ . Below about 0.08 M⊙ the objects are brown dwarfs. Units of luminosity, magnitudes L⊙ = 4 × 1033 erg s−1 = solar luminosity. Kno ...
The Death of Stars
... • If you try to pack electrons into the same place they must be at different energy levels (like the energy levels of an atom). Each electron must be at a higher energy than the one before it. • All these energetic electrons in one place give rise to a pressure: ELECTRON DEGENERACY PRESSURE • This i ...
... • If you try to pack electrons into the same place they must be at different energy levels (like the energy levels of an atom). Each electron must be at a higher energy than the one before it. • All these energetic electrons in one place give rise to a pressure: ELECTRON DEGENERACY PRESSURE • This i ...
Solar System
... Two small moons, Phobos and Deimos, circle the planet. Their names were derived from the Greek words for fear and terror. It is very possible that both were asteroids that were captured by the planet’s gravity. Mars Pathfinder landed on Mars in 1997 with a small robotic rover named Sojourner. The ro ...
... Two small moons, Phobos and Deimos, circle the planet. Their names were derived from the Greek words for fear and terror. It is very possible that both were asteroids that were captured by the planet’s gravity. Mars Pathfinder landed on Mars in 1997 with a small robotic rover named Sojourner. The ro ...
The Life Cycle of Stars Introduction Stars are huge spheres of very
... the outer layers to expand again. At this point, the temperature at the core is not high enough to fuse heavier elements. The outer layers will expand out from the core and will eventually leave the star. The remnants will become a white dwarf, a small, dim, and very dense star about the size of Ear ...
... the outer layers to expand again. At this point, the temperature at the core is not high enough to fuse heavier elements. The outer layers will expand out from the core and will eventually leave the star. The remnants will become a white dwarf, a small, dim, and very dense star about the size of Ear ...
Sirius Astronomer - Orange County Astronomers
... WISE (infrared space telescope) data was used to find a double brown dwarf that turned out to be extremely close, 6.5 light-years away, making it the 3rd closest star system to the Sun. The last time a star this close was discovered was in 1916 when Barnard’s Star was discovered. Follow-up observati ...
... WISE (infrared space telescope) data was used to find a double brown dwarf that turned out to be extremely close, 6.5 light-years away, making it the 3rd closest star system to the Sun. The last time a star this close was discovered was in 1916 when Barnard’s Star was discovered. Follow-up observati ...
The Origin of Our Solar System
... – Believed force was exerted by contact betwn physical entities and the universe was filled with vortices of “whirling invisible particles.” – Posited that the sun and planets formed when a large vortex contracted and condensed. ...
... – Believed force was exerted by contact betwn physical entities and the universe was filled with vortices of “whirling invisible particles.” – Posited that the sun and planets formed when a large vortex contracted and condensed. ...
Solar systems like ours may be rare - Space.com
... What makes Earth so special? Some scientists have suggested that having our own Jupiter has been instrumental in forming life on Earth. For one thing, large planets can protect smaller inner planets from being bombarded too heavily by space rocks, which could crush any budding bits of life. Plus, la ...
... What makes Earth so special? Some scientists have suggested that having our own Jupiter has been instrumental in forming life on Earth. For one thing, large planets can protect smaller inner planets from being bombarded too heavily by space rocks, which could crush any budding bits of life. Plus, la ...
Astronomy 1 – Winter 2011
... Colors and spectral types measure a star’s temperature The Hertzsprung-Russell (H-R) diagram is a graph plotting luminosity vs temperature • Most stars belong to the main sequence. Other important classes are giants, supergiants and white dwarfs. • Spectral typing can be used to determine distance ...
... Colors and spectral types measure a star’s temperature The Hertzsprung-Russell (H-R) diagram is a graph plotting luminosity vs temperature • Most stars belong to the main sequence. Other important classes are giants, supergiants and white dwarfs. • Spectral typing can be used to determine distance ...
answers2008_09_BC
... convection currents in helium-burning stars carry heavy elements up from core to outer layers where they are ejected as planetary nebula and thus dispersed in interstellar medium ...
... convection currents in helium-burning stars carry heavy elements up from core to outer layers where they are ejected as planetary nebula and thus dispersed in interstellar medium ...
Presentation for perspective graduate students 2006
... Colors and spectral types measure a star’s temperature The Hertzsprung-Russell (H-R) diagram is a graph plotting luminosity vs temperature • Most stars belong to the main sequence. Other important classes are giants, supergiants and white dwarfs. • Spectral typing can be used to determine distances ...
... Colors and spectral types measure a star’s temperature The Hertzsprung-Russell (H-R) diagram is a graph plotting luminosity vs temperature • Most stars belong to the main sequence. Other important classes are giants, supergiants and white dwarfs. • Spectral typing can be used to determine distances ...
Some Concepts of Physics
... that make up living organisms on Earth (though they are no longer found on our planet because the oxygen in our atmosphere would quickly destroy them). ...
... that make up living organisms on Earth (though they are no longer found on our planet because the oxygen in our atmosphere would quickly destroy them). ...
T 4
... • The outer edge of the HZ is the distance from the Sun at which even a strong greenhouse effect would not allow liquid water on the planetary surface. • Carbonate-silicate cycle can help to extend the outer edge of the HZ by accumulating more CO2 and partially offsetting low solar luminosity. ...
... • The outer edge of the HZ is the distance from the Sun at which even a strong greenhouse effect would not allow liquid water on the planetary surface. • Carbonate-silicate cycle can help to extend the outer edge of the HZ by accumulating more CO2 and partially offsetting low solar luminosity. ...
Star Life Cycle Review 1. What is the first stage of star creation? A
... 12. What are the two variables that are incorporated in the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram? A. a star's luminosity (brightness) and its distance from earth B. a star's age and its distance from earth C. a star's age and its surface temperature D. a star's luminosity (brightness) and its surface temper ...
... 12. What are the two variables that are incorporated in the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram? A. a star's luminosity (brightness) and its distance from earth B. a star's age and its distance from earth C. a star's age and its surface temperature D. a star's luminosity (brightness) and its surface temper ...
Astronomy 110 Announcements:
... Galileo’s experiments showed that objects in air would stay with a moving Earth. • Aristotle thought that all objects naturally come to rest. • Galileo showed that objects will stay in motion unless a force acts to slow them down (Newton’s first law of ...
... Galileo’s experiments showed that objects in air would stay with a moving Earth. • Aristotle thought that all objects naturally come to rest. • Galileo showed that objects will stay in motion unless a force acts to slow them down (Newton’s first law of ...
Section 3.3
... • Some of this energy is reflected back into space from the Earth, and some of it is absorbed by the Earth • Albedo – the reflectivity of a surface (between 0 and 1) – White object and light colored objects have high albedo ...
... • Some of this energy is reflected back into space from the Earth, and some of it is absorbed by the Earth • Albedo – the reflectivity of a surface (between 0 and 1) – White object and light colored objects have high albedo ...
here
... b) Chromoshpere and Solar Flares: The part just above the photosphere is called the chromosphere. It is this sphere that gives the sun the redish colour. The chromopshere is the sun’s atmosphere. Sometimes this atmosphere erupts into violent stomrs sending part of the chromsphere into space. These ...
... b) Chromoshpere and Solar Flares: The part just above the photosphere is called the chromosphere. It is this sphere that gives the sun the redish colour. The chromopshere is the sun’s atmosphere. Sometimes this atmosphere erupts into violent stomrs sending part of the chromsphere into space. These ...
13 - Joe Griffin Media Ministries
... response to the spin of Earth, they are most of the time drifting slowly eastward with respect to the background of stars, which can be observed by noting the position of these planets for several nights in a row. This motion is normal for these planets, so it is called direct motion (not retrograde ...
... response to the spin of Earth, they are most of the time drifting slowly eastward with respect to the background of stars, which can be observed by noting the position of these planets for several nights in a row. This motion is normal for these planets, so it is called direct motion (not retrograde ...
The STFC Further Learning Package
... just how far apart they are. Each group of students needs to start by drawing and labelling the Sun on the toilet paper. Do not tear sheets off, but instead unravel the roll. They should carefully draw the Sun on the seam between the first and second sheets. The roll can then be unravelled further a ...
... just how far apart they are. Each group of students needs to start by drawing and labelling the Sun on the toilet paper. Do not tear sheets off, but instead unravel the roll. They should carefully draw the Sun on the seam between the first and second sheets. The roll can then be unravelled further a ...
Space Exploration Review Notes
... you don’t need cables to transmit data. These are in geosynchronous orbit which means they stay in one location high above the earth. GPS (Global Positioning System) – personal or auto tracking devices. 24 geosynchronous orbiting satellites mean that three are always above the horizon wherever you a ...
... you don’t need cables to transmit data. These are in geosynchronous orbit which means they stay in one location high above the earth. GPS (Global Positioning System) – personal or auto tracking devices. 24 geosynchronous orbiting satellites mean that three are always above the horizon wherever you a ...
Stars and Galaxies
... 24. Astronomers use spectrographs to study the ___________________ of stars to identify properties of stars. 25. Spectrographs break ______________________ into its component colors. 26. Dark lines are in the spectrum of a star. 27. The dark lines are caused by _____________________ in the star’s at ...
... 24. Astronomers use spectrographs to study the ___________________ of stars to identify properties of stars. 25. Spectrographs break ______________________ into its component colors. 26. Dark lines are in the spectrum of a star. 27. The dark lines are caused by _____________________ in the star’s at ...
Planetary habitability
Planetary habitability is the measure of a planet's or a natural satellite's potential to develop and sustain life. Life may develop directly on a planet or satellite or be transferred to it from another body, a theoretical process known as panspermia. As the existence of life beyond Earth is unknown, planetary habitability is largely an extrapolation of conditions on Earth and the characteristics of the Sun and Solar System which appear favourable to life's flourishing—in particular those factors that have sustained complex, multicellular organisms and not just simpler, unicellular creatures. Research and theory in this regard is a component of planetary science and the emerging discipline of astrobiology.An absolute requirement for life is an energy source, and the notion of planetary habitability implies that many other geophysical, geochemical, and astrophysical criteria must be met before an astronomical body can support life. In its astrobiology roadmap, NASA has defined the principal habitability criteria as ""extended regions of liquid water, conditions favourable for the assembly of complex organic molecules, and energy sources to sustain metabolism.""In determining the habitability potential of a body, studies focus on its bulk composition, orbital properties, atmosphere, and potential chemical interactions. Stellar characteristics of importance include mass and luminosity, stable variability, and high metallicity. Rocky, terrestrial-type planets and moons with the potential for Earth-like chemistry are a primary focus of astrobiological research, although more speculative habitability theories occasionally examine alternative biochemistries and other types of astronomical bodies.The idea that planets beyond Earth might host life is an ancient one, though historically it was framed by philosophy as much as physical science. The late 20th century saw two breakthroughs in the field. The observation and robotic spacecraft exploration of other planets and moons within the Solar System has provided critical information on defining habitability criteria and allowed for substantial geophysical comparisons between the Earth and other bodies. The discovery of extrasolar planets, beginning in the early 1990s and accelerating thereafter, has provided further information for the study of possible extraterrestrial life. These findings confirm that the Sun is not unique among stars in hosting planets and expands the habitability research horizon beyond the Solar System.The chemistry of life may have begun shortly after the Big Bang, 13.8 billion years ago, during a habitable epoch when the Universe was only 10–17 million years old. According to the panspermia hypothesis, microscopic life—distributed by meteoroids, asteroids and other small Solar System bodies—may exist throughout the universe. Nonetheless, Earth is the only place in the universe known to harbor life. Estimates of habitable zones around other stars, along with the discovery of hundreds of extrasolar planets and new insights into the extreme habitats here on Earth, suggest that there may be many more habitable places in the universe than considered possible until very recently. On 4 November 2013, astronomers reported, based on Kepler space mission data, that there could be as many as 40 billion Earth-sized planets orbiting in the habitable zones of Sun-like stars and red dwarfs within the Milky Way. 11 billion of these estimated planets may be orbiting Sun-like stars. The nearest such planet may be 12 light-years away, according to the scientists.