Habitable Zone Lifetimes of Exoplanets around Main Sequence Stars
... the CO2 mixing ratio of the atmosphere, and active plate tectonics and volcanism are necessary for this biogeochemical cycle to operate (Sleep and Zahnle, 2001). However, it is possible that more massive ‘‘super-Earths’’ may exhibit an entirely different mode of thermal evolution due to the fact tha ...
... the CO2 mixing ratio of the atmosphere, and active plate tectonics and volcanism are necessary for this biogeochemical cycle to operate (Sleep and Zahnle, 2001). However, it is possible that more massive ‘‘super-Earths’’ may exhibit an entirely different mode of thermal evolution due to the fact tha ...
Chapter 17 Measuring the Stars
... 17.5 The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram Once many stars are plotted on an H-R diagram, a pattern begins to form: These are the 80 closest stars to us; note the dashed lines of constant radius. The darkened curve is called the main sequence, as this is where most stars are. Also indicated is the white ...
... 17.5 The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram Once many stars are plotted on an H-R diagram, a pattern begins to form: These are the 80 closest stars to us; note the dashed lines of constant radius. The darkened curve is called the main sequence, as this is where most stars are. Also indicated is the white ...
The Time Evolution of Faculae and Plage
... The Sun is a variable star and its irradiance has been measured and analyzed since the 1800’s. Early astronomers noted that the sun has a distinct solar cycle in which the total radiative output of the sun is highest at solar maximum, lowest at solar minimum, and there is an average variation in irr ...
... The Sun is a variable star and its irradiance has been measured and analyzed since the 1800’s. Early astronomers noted that the sun has a distinct solar cycle in which the total radiative output of the sun is highest at solar maximum, lowest at solar minimum, and there is an average variation in irr ...
Introduction
... information on the contribution of low and intermediate mass stars to the interstellar medium can be obtained. With the aid of evolutionary models the nucleosynthetic history of the star can be reconstructed to learn the detailed history and characteristics of the progenitor star from which it evolv ...
... information on the contribution of low and intermediate mass stars to the interstellar medium can be obtained. With the aid of evolutionary models the nucleosynthetic history of the star can be reconstructed to learn the detailed history and characteristics of the progenitor star from which it evolv ...
Astronomical Facts `n Stuff
... A scale for measuring the actual brightness of a celestial object without accounting for the distance of the object. Absolute magnitude measures how bright an object would appear if it were exactly 10 parsecs (about 33 light years) away from Earth. Absolute Zero This is the coldest temperature theor ...
... A scale for measuring the actual brightness of a celestial object without accounting for the distance of the object. Absolute magnitude measures how bright an object would appear if it were exactly 10 parsecs (about 33 light years) away from Earth. Absolute Zero This is the coldest temperature theor ...
Physics 1114OL - Normandale Community College
... graphing calculator may be used but is not required. Only traditional calculators may be used on the mid-term and final exams. You may not use the calculator function of a cell phone, PDA or similar device. Computer: A Windows PC with high-speed Internet access and a sound card. Your computer will ...
... graphing calculator may be used but is not required. Only traditional calculators may be used on the mid-term and final exams. You may not use the calculator function of a cell phone, PDA or similar device. Computer: A Windows PC with high-speed Internet access and a sound card. Your computer will ...
4 Viable Transfer of Microorganisms in the Solar System and
... amount of organic molecules and water were imported to the early Earth as well as to the other terrestrial planets via asteroids and comets [1-3]. The period of heavy bombardment lasted until approximately 3.8 billion years (Ga) ago. These impactors would on the one hand have been delivering the vol ...
... amount of organic molecules and water were imported to the early Earth as well as to the other terrestrial planets via asteroids and comets [1-3]. The period of heavy bombardment lasted until approximately 3.8 billion years (Ga) ago. These impactors would on the one hand have been delivering the vol ...
Agenda - Relativity Group
... • State several ways in which high-mass stars differ from low-mass stars. • High-mass stars live much shorter lives than low-mass stars. High-mass stars have convective cores but no other convective layers, while low-mass stars have convection layers that can extend from their surface to large depth ...
... • State several ways in which high-mass stars differ from low-mass stars. • High-mass stars live much shorter lives than low-mass stars. High-mass stars have convective cores but no other convective layers, while low-mass stars have convection layers that can extend from their surface to large depth ...
The wind from the Sun: an introduction - LESIA
... aberration angle)5 and to exhibit irregularities that appeared to be accelerated away from the Sun. What caused these properties? The current explanation in terms of solar radiation pressure acting on the cometary gas failed by several orders of magnitude. This problem was brilliantly solved by the ...
... aberration angle)5 and to exhibit irregularities that appeared to be accelerated away from the Sun. What caused these properties? The current explanation in terms of solar radiation pressure acting on the cometary gas failed by several orders of magnitude. This problem was brilliantly solved by the ...
The scattered disk population as a source of Oort cloud comets
... We have integrated the orbits of the 76 scattered disk objects (SDOs), discovered through the end of 2002, plus 399 clones for 5 Gyr to study their dynamical evolution and the probability of falling in one of the following end states: reaching Jupiter’s influence zone, hyperbolic ejection, or transf ...
... We have integrated the orbits of the 76 scattered disk objects (SDOs), discovered through the end of 2002, plus 399 clones for 5 Gyr to study their dynamical evolution and the probability of falling in one of the following end states: reaching Jupiter’s influence zone, hyperbolic ejection, or transf ...
Galaxy Spiral Arms
... It was later determined that the Sun has a mass which is 330,000 times greater than the Earth, which makes these two equations virtually identical. However, the first is approximate and the second is far more precise. Newton also used the Calculus (Fluxions) which he invented, to discover another im ...
... It was later determined that the Sun has a mass which is 330,000 times greater than the Earth, which makes these two equations virtually identical. However, the first is approximate and the second is far more precise. Newton also used the Calculus (Fluxions) which he invented, to discover another im ...
Introduction - Cambridge University Press
... burning; that is left for Chapter 3. We begin by considering the question of just what we mean by ‘a star’. The starting point for the formation of a star is a cloud of cold gas, composed primarily of hydrogen and helium, with traces of heavier elements (usually referred to as metals). The cloud col ...
... burning; that is left for Chapter 3. We begin by considering the question of just what we mean by ‘a star’. The starting point for the formation of a star is a cloud of cold gas, composed primarily of hydrogen and helium, with traces of heavier elements (usually referred to as metals). The cloud col ...
The Occurrence and Architecture of Exoplanetary Systems
... although Jeans (1942) managed to increase the odds to ∼0.1 by allowing the encounter to happen during pre–main-sequence contraction. Modern surveys using the Doppler, transit, and microlensing techniques have shown that planets are prevalent. The probability that a random star has a planet is of or ...
... although Jeans (1942) managed to increase the odds to ∼0.1 by allowing the encounter to happen during pre–main-sequence contraction. Modern surveys using the Doppler, transit, and microlensing techniques have shown that planets are prevalent. The probability that a random star has a planet is of or ...
ASTRO-114--Lecture 40-
... bigger, so that over the last 4 billion years it has increased its size probably about 20 percent. It’s not a lot, not over that long a period of time, but it has changed. And it will continue to change because its internal composition continues to change. And you can calculate exactly what it will ...
... bigger, so that over the last 4 billion years it has increased its size probably about 20 percent. It’s not a lot, not over that long a period of time, but it has changed. And it will continue to change because its internal composition continues to change. And you can calculate exactly what it will ...
The Search for Exoplanets - Worcester Polytechnic Institute
... achievements. Astronomy, optics, and mathematics, became widely studied, and intellectual exchanges between the Muslim and Byzantine world became common, to the benefit of both. From the 10th through 12th Centuries, with the stabilization of the Byzantine state came a new golden age of intellectuali ...
... achievements. Astronomy, optics, and mathematics, became widely studied, and intellectual exchanges between the Muslim and Byzantine world became common, to the benefit of both. From the 10th through 12th Centuries, with the stabilization of the Byzantine state came a new golden age of intellectuali ...
Asteroids and Comets and Meteors, Oh My!
... Sometimes, there are meteor showers. It’s exciting to watch a meteor shower. You usually see four or five meteors in an hour. During a meteor shower, you might see more than 80 meteors in an hour. Scientists also watch these meteors. They record the numbers, the brightness, and the paths of the met ...
... Sometimes, there are meteor showers. It’s exciting to watch a meteor shower. You usually see four or five meteors in an hour. During a meteor shower, you might see more than 80 meteors in an hour. Scientists also watch these meteors. They record the numbers, the brightness, and the paths of the met ...
Lecture26_Future
... If Strong Nuclear Force slightly larger: • All of the hydrogen in the universe would have converted to helium in the early universe ...
... If Strong Nuclear Force slightly larger: • All of the hydrogen in the universe would have converted to helium in the early universe ...
55-80 BIOGRAPHY_of_A STAR
... Our Sun’s Story …and that of heavy stars mass of a star determines its core pressure and temperature: our sun’s low mass cooler core and slower fusion rate lower internal temperature, and external (yellow) ...
... Our Sun’s Story …and that of heavy stars mass of a star determines its core pressure and temperature: our sun’s low mass cooler core and slower fusion rate lower internal temperature, and external (yellow) ...
STUDY OF UMBRA-PENUMBRA AREA RATIO OF SUNSPOTS
... with over 4 light years for the next nearest star. This offers a scope for the Sun to act as a perfect laboratory for understanding more about stars. By studying the Sun, we not only learn about the properties of a particular star, but also can study the details of the physical processes that undoub ...
... with over 4 light years for the next nearest star. This offers a scope for the Sun to act as a perfect laboratory for understanding more about stars. By studying the Sun, we not only learn about the properties of a particular star, but also can study the details of the physical processes that undoub ...
The Marine Sextant
... Determination of Observed Altitude (Ho) • These corrections account for – index error (error in the sextant itself) – difference between visible and celestial horizon, due to the observer’s height of eye – adjustment to equivalent reading at the center of the earth and the center of the body – refr ...
... Determination of Observed Altitude (Ho) • These corrections account for – index error (error in the sextant itself) – difference between visible and celestial horizon, due to the observer’s height of eye – adjustment to equivalent reading at the center of the earth and the center of the body – refr ...
Other Planetary Systems
... Direct detection is preferable, because it can tell us far more about the planet’s properties. However, current telescopes are not quite up to the challenge of direct detection, at least for planets around ordinary stars. As a result, nearly all extrasolar planets discovered to date have been found ...
... Direct detection is preferable, because it can tell us far more about the planet’s properties. However, current telescopes are not quite up to the challenge of direct detection, at least for planets around ordinary stars. As a result, nearly all extrasolar planets discovered to date have been found ...
Formation and evolution of the Solar System
The formation of the Solar System began 4.6 billion years ago with the gravitational collapse of a small part of a giant molecular cloud. Most of the collapsing mass collected in the center, forming the Sun, while the rest flattened into a protoplanetary disk out of which the planets, moons, asteroids, and other small Solar System bodies formed.This widely accepted model, known as the nebular hypothesis, was first developed in the 18th century by Emanuel Swedenborg, Immanuel Kant, and Pierre-Simon Laplace. Its subsequent development has interwoven a variety of scientific disciplines including astronomy, physics, geology, and planetary science. Since the dawn of the space age in the 1950s and the discovery of extrasolar planets in the 1990s, the model has been both challenged and refined to account for new observations.The Solar System has evolved considerably since its initial formation. Many moons have formed from circling discs of gas and dust around their parent planets, while other moons are thought to have formed independently and later been captured by their planets. Still others, such as the Moon, may be the result of giant collisions. Collisions between bodies have occurred continually up to the present day and have been central to the evolution of the Solar System. The positions of the planets often shifted due to gravitational interactions. This planetary migration is now thought to have been responsible for much of the Solar System's early evolution.In roughly 5 billion years, the Sun will cool and expand outward many times its current diameter (becoming a red giant), before casting off its outer layers as a planetary nebula and leaving behind a stellar remnant known as a white dwarf. In the far distant future, the gravity of passing stars will gradually reduce the Sun's retinue of planets. Some planets will be destroyed, others ejected into interstellar space. Ultimately, over the course of tens of billions of years, it is likely that the Sun will be left with none of the original bodies in orbit around it.