B cells – ontogenesis and immune memory development
... Thymus-independent (TI) antigens (Ag), which have many microbial constituents, activate B cells and can induce antibody production in the absence of helper T-cells. The first signal required for B cell activation is delivered through its antigen receptor (BCR). The second signal required to activate ...
... Thymus-independent (TI) antigens (Ag), which have many microbial constituents, activate B cells and can induce antibody production in the absence of helper T-cells. The first signal required for B cell activation is delivered through its antigen receptor (BCR). The second signal required to activate ...
The thymus in 2013: from a `vestigial` organ to immunological self
... ___________________________________________________________________________ TECs, dendritic cells [DCs], macrophages and B cells). The stochastic rearrangement of related β- then α-chains generates an enormous diversity of TCRs, many of which can bind self-antigen/MHC complexes with high affinity an ...
... ___________________________________________________________________________ TECs, dendritic cells [DCs], macrophages and B cells). The stochastic rearrangement of related β- then α-chains generates an enormous diversity of TCRs, many of which can bind self-antigen/MHC complexes with high affinity an ...
Phosphospecific Flow Cytometry Immunological Signaling Network
... Tyk2 and Stat3. Again, the complexities of how these factors act across multiple cell types to drive immune system function has been difficult to comprehend in multiple populations simultaneously. The MAPK pathway also plays an important role in immune cell signaling by mediating TCR and BCR activat ...
... Tyk2 and Stat3. Again, the complexities of how these factors act across multiple cell types to drive immune system function has been difficult to comprehend in multiple populations simultaneously. The MAPK pathway also plays an important role in immune cell signaling by mediating TCR and BCR activat ...
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN Fc RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN
... (i .p .) as indicated in the text . Irradiation. Intact or thymectomized mice were exposed to total body irradiation in a clinical teletherapy machine (Theratron 75, Atomic Energy Commission of Canada Ltd., Canada) between opposed vertical fields under conditions of minimum back scatter. The dose us ...
... (i .p .) as indicated in the text . Irradiation. Intact or thymectomized mice were exposed to total body irradiation in a clinical teletherapy machine (Theratron 75, Atomic Energy Commission of Canada Ltd., Canada) between opposed vertical fields under conditions of minimum back scatter. The dose us ...
Three major uncertainties in the antibody therapy
... It is found on the B-cell lineage, from early B cells up to, but excluding, plasma cells. It has 4 trans-membrane strands, cytoplasmic N- and C-terminus, two extracellular loops, and no recognized ligand. Its function is not clear, but it may be involved in B-cell activation and trans-membrane calci ...
... It is found on the B-cell lineage, from early B cells up to, but excluding, plasma cells. It has 4 trans-membrane strands, cytoplasmic N- and C-terminus, two extracellular loops, and no recognized ligand. Its function is not clear, but it may be involved in B-cell activation and trans-membrane calci ...
The role of nitric oxide in the regulation of adaptive immune responses
... The immune system constitutes a set of effective host responses to pathogens. T lymphocytes orchestrate these responses through specific receptor recognition of pathogen-derived antigenic peptides on antigen presenting cells (APC). Extracellular stimuli (such as fungal and bacterial endotoxins) and ...
... The immune system constitutes a set of effective host responses to pathogens. T lymphocytes orchestrate these responses through specific receptor recognition of pathogen-derived antigenic peptides on antigen presenting cells (APC). Extracellular stimuli (such as fungal and bacterial endotoxins) and ...
Immunological Synapses Within Context: Patterns of Cell–Cell
... explicitly address messages, even those of “soluble” mediators so that only certain cells are activated. The “immunological synapse,” a recurring pattern of cell–cell junctions for immune-cells represents a portion of the solution for the need for explicit communication. However, as an isolated conc ...
... explicitly address messages, even those of “soluble” mediators so that only certain cells are activated. The “immunological synapse,” a recurring pattern of cell–cell junctions for immune-cells represents a portion of the solution for the need for explicit communication. However, as an isolated conc ...
The Innate Immune Response
... are covered with skin and mucous membranes that prevent entry of most foreign material, including microbes, into the body. Ready in case the barriers are breached are sensor systems that detect molecules associated with danger; for example, compounds that are unique to bacteria or are typically rele ...
... are covered with skin and mucous membranes that prevent entry of most foreign material, including microbes, into the body. Ready in case the barriers are breached are sensor systems that detect molecules associated with danger; for example, compounds that are unique to bacteria or are typically rele ...
Immune Response and Interventions
... secretion which can impair dendritic cell-induced CD4+ T cell proliferation. We also demonstrated the direct interaction of LECs with T cells in vitro by clustered surface molecules: CD2 and LFA-1 (CD11a) on the T cells and CD58 and CD54 on the LECs. These findings give an example of immune-response ...
... secretion which can impair dendritic cell-induced CD4+ T cell proliferation. We also demonstrated the direct interaction of LECs with T cells in vitro by clustered surface molecules: CD2 and LFA-1 (CD11a) on the T cells and CD58 and CD54 on the LECs. These findings give an example of immune-response ...
Document
... assays will uncover defects that, almost by definition, must affect only a small fraction of lymphocyte clones, particularly those that are specific for self-antigens involved in specific diseases. In addition to a failure of regulation underlying the development of autoimmunity, other factors have ...
... assays will uncover defects that, almost by definition, must affect only a small fraction of lymphocyte clones, particularly those that are specific for self-antigens involved in specific diseases. In addition to a failure of regulation underlying the development of autoimmunity, other factors have ...
Cytolytic T lymphocytes from HLA-B8 donors ’s lymphoma frequently recognize the Hodgkin
... Full list of author information is available at the end of the article ...
... Full list of author information is available at the end of the article ...
, THE GENERATIVE GRAMMAR OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
... mature, its descendants will end up excreting about 2000 antibody molecules per second, all of which are identical, and similar or identical to the receptors that the resting B cell originally displayed. This clonal nature of antibody formation was clearly demonstrated in the early 1970’s (19, 20). ...
... mature, its descendants will end up excreting about 2000 antibody molecules per second, all of which are identical, and similar or identical to the receptors that the resting B cell originally displayed. This clonal nature of antibody formation was clearly demonstrated in the early 1970’s (19, 20). ...
Interaction between tumour-infiltrating B cells and T cells controls
... (Bregs) with CD19+CD24hiCD38hi phenotype was enriched in the tumour microenvironment and was associated with progression of various cancers, including HCC.6 7 The interaction between T cells and B cells is known to be critical in the activation of local immune response in several inflammatory conditi ...
... (Bregs) with CD19+CD24hiCD38hi phenotype was enriched in the tumour microenvironment and was associated with progression of various cancers, including HCC.6 7 The interaction between T cells and B cells is known to be critical in the activation of local immune response in several inflammatory conditi ...
Type I IFN promotes NK cell expansion during viral infection
... WT NK cells, which protected ∼50% of recipients, all mice receiving Ifnar−/− NK cells succumbed to infection by day 15 postinfection (PI; Fig. 1 D), highlighting the importance of type I IFN signaling, specifically in NK cells, for protective immunity against viral challenge. Type I IFNs signal thro ...
... WT NK cells, which protected ∼50% of recipients, all mice receiving Ifnar−/− NK cells succumbed to infection by day 15 postinfection (PI; Fig. 1 D), highlighting the importance of type I IFN signaling, specifically in NK cells, for protective immunity against viral challenge. Type I IFNs signal thro ...
Type I IFN promotes NK cell expansion during viral infection
... WT NK cells, which protected ∼50% of recipients, all mice receiving Ifnar−/− NK cells succumbed to infection by day 15 postinfection (PI; Fig. 1 D), highlighting the importance of type I IFN signaling, specifically in NK cells, for protective immunity against viral challenge. Type I IFNs signal thro ...
... WT NK cells, which protected ∼50% of recipients, all mice receiving Ifnar−/− NK cells succumbed to infection by day 15 postinfection (PI; Fig. 1 D), highlighting the importance of type I IFN signaling, specifically in NK cells, for protective immunity against viral challenge. Type I IFNs signal thro ...
Product Data Sheet
... demonstrated the importance of beta-carotene for normal immune function. The immune benefits of betacarotene are due to its vitamin A precursor role and its antioxidant functions. Zinc is an essential trace element involved in most major metabolic pathways. General signs of human zinc deficiency ind ...
... demonstrated the importance of beta-carotene for normal immune function. The immune benefits of betacarotene are due to its vitamin A precursor role and its antioxidant functions. Zinc is an essential trace element involved in most major metabolic pathways. General signs of human zinc deficiency ind ...
The Interferons
... In some instances the severity of such effects can limit the maximum recommended therapeutic dose to a level below that which might have maximum therapeutic effect The common adverse effect between the different IFNs is Flu-like symptoms ...
... In some instances the severity of such effects can limit the maximum recommended therapeutic dose to a level below that which might have maximum therapeutic effect The common adverse effect between the different IFNs is Flu-like symptoms ...
R. Mantegazza
... Innate immunity is the first line of defense against infection. The characteristics of the innate immune response include the following: Responses are broad-spectrum (non-specific) There is no memory or lasting protective immunity There is a limited repertoire of recognition molecules The re ...
... Innate immunity is the first line of defense against infection. The characteristics of the innate immune response include the following: Responses are broad-spectrum (non-specific) There is no memory or lasting protective immunity There is a limited repertoire of recognition molecules The re ...
The Suppression of Immune System Disorders by Passive
... Substituting Eq. 3 into Eq. 1, along with re ~0 yields the stable (dN=dt~0) solution N~k. When re w0 the cells generated by antigenic stimulation bring the total number above the homeostatic equilibrium, Nwk. This reduces the homeostatic renewal, such that f (N)v{rh =k. Except in lymphopenic conditi ...
... Substituting Eq. 3 into Eq. 1, along with re ~0 yields the stable (dN=dt~0) solution N~k. When re w0 the cells generated by antigenic stimulation bring the total number above the homeostatic equilibrium, Nwk. This reduces the homeostatic renewal, such that f (N)v{rh =k. Except in lymphopenic conditi ...
Anti–4-1BB Monoclonal Antibodies Abrogate T Cell
... NK cells (our unpublished observations). The natural ligand for the 4-1BB receptor, a molecule known as 4-1BB ligand, is constitutively expressed on resting B cells and macrophages and is costimulatory for anti-m–mediated B cell activation (7). We have previously demonstrated through a combination o ...
... NK cells (our unpublished observations). The natural ligand for the 4-1BB receptor, a molecule known as 4-1BB ligand, is constitutively expressed on resting B cells and macrophages and is costimulatory for anti-m–mediated B cell activation (7). We have previously demonstrated through a combination o ...
TCR ζ-CHAIN DOWNREGULATION: CURTAILING AN EXCESSIVE
... the ζ- and ε-chains of the TCR at tyrosine residues that are present in ITAMs (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs). Phosphorylated ITAMs in the ζ-chain function as docking sites for the recruitment of the PTK ZAP70 (ζ-chain-associated protein kinase of 70 kDa), which subsequently phosph ...
... the ζ- and ε-chains of the TCR at tyrosine residues that are present in ITAMs (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs). Phosphorylated ITAMs in the ζ-chain function as docking sites for the recruitment of the PTK ZAP70 (ζ-chain-associated protein kinase of 70 kDa), which subsequently phosph ...
LFA-1 is required for retention of effector CD8 T cells in mouse lungs
... circulation remain unchanged in E-, P-, or L-selectin genedisrupted mice.11,14 The smaller diameter of the pulmonary capillaries allows close contact between neutrophils and capillary endothelium. Neutrophils have to deform and elongate in order to pass through the capillary segments, which possibly ...
... circulation remain unchanged in E-, P-, or L-selectin genedisrupted mice.11,14 The smaller diameter of the pulmonary capillaries allows close contact between neutrophils and capillary endothelium. Neutrophils have to deform and elongate in order to pass through the capillary segments, which possibly ...
T cell
T cells or T lymphocytes are a type of lymphocyte (in turn, a type of white blood cell) that plays a central role in cell-mediated immunity. They can be distinguished from other lymphocytes, such as B cells and natural killer cells (NK cells), by the presence of a T-cell receptor (TCR) on the cell surface. They are called T cells because they mature in the thymus (although some also mature in the tonsils). The several subsets of T cells each have a distinct function. The majority of human T cells rearrange their alpha/beta T cell receptors and are termed alpha beta T cells and are part of adaptive immune system. Specialized gamma delta T cells, which comprise a minority of T cells in the human body (more frequent in ruminants), have invariant TCR (with limited diversity), can effectively present antigens to other T cells and are considered to be part of the innate immune system.