Immunology and Evolution of Infectious Disease
... triggering immune attack against dominant antigens. The battle within the host develops through changes in population numbers—the numbers of parasites with particular antigens and the numbers of immune cells that specifically bind to particular antigens. I then discuss how the successes and failures ...
... triggering immune attack against dominant antigens. The battle within the host develops through changes in population numbers—the numbers of parasites with particular antigens and the numbers of immune cells that specifically bind to particular antigens. I then discuss how the successes and failures ...
Chronic stress and ageing: effects on immune function
... attempt of the body to protect germ line cells at the expense of somatic cells, the so-called “disposable soma theory” (Kirkwood 1977). Therefore, ageing is a phenomenon that evolved as a negative by-product of positive traits that were beneficial to organisms, such as fat deposition or sexual hormo ...
... attempt of the body to protect germ line cells at the expense of somatic cells, the so-called “disposable soma theory” (Kirkwood 1977). Therefore, ageing is a phenomenon that evolved as a negative by-product of positive traits that were beneficial to organisms, such as fat deposition or sexual hormo ...
LMP1 signaling can replace CD40 signaling in B cells in vivo and
... LMP1, binds directly to TRAF 6.7,11 Conversely, LMP1, but not CD40, binds to the tumor necrosis factor receptor–associated death domain protein (TRADD) and receptor-interacting protein (RIP).12 The most striking difference between LMP1 and CD40 is that LMP1 constitutively signals independently of li ...
... LMP1, binds directly to TRAF 6.7,11 Conversely, LMP1, but not CD40, binds to the tumor necrosis factor receptor–associated death domain protein (TRADD) and receptor-interacting protein (RIP).12 The most striking difference between LMP1 and CD40 is that LMP1 constitutively signals independently of li ...
Combined action of anti-CD4 autoantibodies
... anti-CD4 autoantibodies could mediate CD4+ T cell depletion. The aim of this study is to examine the role of anti-CD4 autoantibodies induced by gp120 HIV-1 in the development of CD4+ lymphocytopenia. The model chosen for study was immunization with purified gp120 protein from HIV, since under the au ...
... anti-CD4 autoantibodies could mediate CD4+ T cell depletion. The aim of this study is to examine the role of anti-CD4 autoantibodies induced by gp120 HIV-1 in the development of CD4+ lymphocytopenia. The model chosen for study was immunization with purified gp120 protein from HIV, since under the au ...
The Lymphoid System and Immunity
... Immunoglobulin Proteins (Antibodies) The binding of a specific antibody to its specific target antigen initiates antibody-mediated immunity Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
... Immunoglobulin Proteins (Antibodies) The binding of a specific antibody to its specific target antigen initiates antibody-mediated immunity Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
24. Lymphatic System
... Lymphatic structures contain T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, and macrophages (monocytes that have migrated from the bloodstream into other tissues). These cells are constantly monitoring the blood and the interstitial fluid for antigens (an ́ti-gen; anti(body) + gen = ...
... Lymphatic structures contain T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, and macrophages (monocytes that have migrated from the bloodstream into other tissues). These cells are constantly monitoring the blood and the interstitial fluid for antigens (an ́ti-gen; anti(body) + gen = ...
Immunology and Immunopathogenesis of Malaria
... Evidence supporting the effector function of CD8 T cells is based on studies in human [37,68] and animal [6, 93, 106] models of protection induced by radiation-attenuated (γ) plasmodia sporozoites (γ-spz) as well as from observations in malaria-endemic areas [34]. The effector function is associated ...
... Evidence supporting the effector function of CD8 T cells is based on studies in human [37,68] and animal [6, 93, 106] models of protection induced by radiation-attenuated (γ) plasmodia sporozoites (γ-spz) as well as from observations in malaria-endemic areas [34]. The effector function is associated ...
Recent developments in basophil research
... [46]. These findings along with the notion that basophils produce IL-9 [35] suggest a role for basophils ...
... [46]. These findings along with the notion that basophils produce IL-9 [35] suggest a role for basophils ...
the effects of thymus and other lymphoid organs enclosed in
... (12) and rats (13). Also, extracts and implants of heavily irradiated thymuses from pigs and rabbits have been found to produce a lymphoid hyperplastic response in the regional lymph nodes of young rats (14). Direct evidence that the thymus produces a humoral factor, which plays a role in the develo ...
... (12) and rats (13). Also, extracts and implants of heavily irradiated thymuses from pigs and rabbits have been found to produce a lymphoid hyperplastic response in the regional lymph nodes of young rats (14). Direct evidence that the thymus produces a humoral factor, which plays a role in the develo ...
the role of intestinal epithelial cells and the regulation
... which normally maintain a mutually beneficial relationship with the host. The intestinal epithelium consists of a single layer of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) that provides a physical barrier as well as innate immune defense, preventing this vast community of microbes from entering host tissue ...
... which normally maintain a mutually beneficial relationship with the host. The intestinal epithelium consists of a single layer of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) that provides a physical barrier as well as innate immune defense, preventing this vast community of microbes from entering host tissue ...
Print - Circulation Research
... hypertension and this was partly corrected by renal denervation (Figure 5E). An important transcription factor that modulates eNOS transcription is Klf4. Hypertension was associated with a striking reduction of Klf4, and this was completely prevented by renal denervation (Figure 5F). We considered t ...
... hypertension and this was partly corrected by renal denervation (Figure 5E). An important transcription factor that modulates eNOS transcription is Klf4. Hypertension was associated with a striking reduction of Klf4, and this was completely prevented by renal denervation (Figure 5F). We considered t ...
Thiol-Reactive Metal Compounds Inhibit NF
... for the overexpression of TNF in rheumatoid joints and RA disease activity. Blockade of NF-B activation by adenoviral transfer of IB␣ suppressed expression of TNF in cultured synoviocytes (8), and intraarticular injection of an oligodeoxynucleotide-containing B-binding sequence (NF-B decoy) inhi ...
... for the overexpression of TNF in rheumatoid joints and RA disease activity. Blockade of NF-B activation by adenoviral transfer of IB␣ suppressed expression of TNF in cultured synoviocytes (8), and intraarticular injection of an oligodeoxynucleotide-containing B-binding sequence (NF-B decoy) inhi ...
13 20 s si
... system, linking innate and adaptive immune responses. However, it has been suggested a dual role of DC in Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection by increasing the spread of HIV-1 while trying to trigger an adaptive response against viral infection. The classical immunological paradigm ...
... system, linking innate and adaptive immune responses. However, it has been suggested a dual role of DC in Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection by increasing the spread of HIV-1 while trying to trigger an adaptive response against viral infection. The classical immunological paradigm ...
Monocytes + CD11c + Human CD14 Single
... phosphorylation within 60 min (Fig. 2b). These data indicate that CD14⫹CD11c⫹ monocytes were major responder cell types in PBMC to activate NF-B and p38 MAPK, resulting in production of IL-12 and IL-6 and up-regulation of costimulatory markers. Previous studies showed that DNA-based CpG ODN act on ...
... phosphorylation within 60 min (Fig. 2b). These data indicate that CD14⫹CD11c⫹ monocytes were major responder cell types in PBMC to activate NF-B and p38 MAPK, resulting in production of IL-12 and IL-6 and up-regulation of costimulatory markers. Previous studies showed that DNA-based CpG ODN act on ...
NKG2D DAP12 with Mouse, but Not Human, A Structural Basis for
... homodimers of the TM adapter protein DAP10 (12, 16). Signaling through DAP10 involves phosphorylation of its cytoplasmic YXXM motif, recruitment of the p85 subunit of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase, and downstream signaling through AKT (16 –18). In mice, alternative mRNA splicing generates two functi ...
... homodimers of the TM adapter protein DAP10 (12, 16). Signaling through DAP10 involves phosphorylation of its cytoplasmic YXXM motif, recruitment of the p85 subunit of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase, and downstream signaling through AKT (16 –18). In mice, alternative mRNA splicing generates two functi ...
The Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis
... heumatoid arthritis is a common autoimmune disease that is associated with progressive disability, systemic complications, early death, and socioeconomic costs.1 The cause of rheumatoid arthritis is unknown, and the prognosis is guarded. However, advances in understanding the pathogenesis of the dis ...
... heumatoid arthritis is a common autoimmune disease that is associated with progressive disability, systemic complications, early death, and socioeconomic costs.1 The cause of rheumatoid arthritis is unknown, and the prognosis is guarded. However, advances in understanding the pathogenesis of the dis ...
Immune Cognition, Micro-evolution,
... When a pathogen invades our bodies, some of our immune cells that recognize this pathogen will start replicating, a process during which mutation occurs. One interesting aspect of the cellular reproduction (cloning) process in the immune system is that cells are subjected to error during cloning. In ...
... When a pathogen invades our bodies, some of our immune cells that recognize this pathogen will start replicating, a process during which mutation occurs. One interesting aspect of the cellular reproduction (cloning) process in the immune system is that cells are subjected to error during cloning. In ...
Nlrp3-inflammasome activation in non-myeloid- derived cells aggravates diabetic nephropathy
... such as interleukin 1b (IL-1b), contributes to inflammatory cell recruitment.3,7 Cytokines are thought to be released from activated immune cells.3,7 However, renal cells, such as podocytes, endothelial cells, or mesangial cells, can likewise secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines and may thus aggravate ...
... such as interleukin 1b (IL-1b), contributes to inflammatory cell recruitment.3,7 Cytokines are thought to be released from activated immune cells.3,7 However, renal cells, such as podocytes, endothelial cells, or mesangial cells, can likewise secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines and may thus aggravate ...
prolongation of allograft survival in ccr7
... significant differences in CCR7⫺/⫺ and WT 129Sv mice. As shown previously (3), the number of CD4⫹ and CD8⫹ cells in the spleen of CCR7⫺/⫺ mice was increased two- to threefold: naive CCR7⫺/⫺ mice contained 23.2⫾11.3⫻106 CD4 T cells, whereas syngeneically grafted mice contained 20.7⫾3.8⫻106 and alloge ...
... significant differences in CCR7⫺/⫺ and WT 129Sv mice. As shown previously (3), the number of CD4⫹ and CD8⫹ cells in the spleen of CCR7⫺/⫺ mice was increased two- to threefold: naive CCR7⫺/⫺ mice contained 23.2⫾11.3⫻106 CD4 T cells, whereas syngeneically grafted mice contained 20.7⫾3.8⫻106 and alloge ...
Bacterial lipopolysaccharide stimulates bovine neutrophil production
... killing by PMN are the most effective defenses against establishment of bacterial infection. In addition to their phagocytic and bactericidal properties, PMN may play a key supportive role through secretion of cytokines during the innate immune response. We sought to determine whether bovine PMN prod ...
... killing by PMN are the most effective defenses against establishment of bacterial infection. In addition to their phagocytic and bactericidal properties, PMN may play a key supportive role through secretion of cytokines during the innate immune response. We sought to determine whether bovine PMN prod ...
The Immune-Pineal Axis: the Role of Pineal and Extra
... PAMP found in the membrane of gram-negative bacteria [18]. In addition, the nitric oxide (NO)-mediated relaxation of the rat aorta, induced by LPS, was also inhibited by melatonin. In this context, the melatonin effect was due to the inhibition of the nuclear factor kappa B (NFKB) pathway and was no ...
... PAMP found in the membrane of gram-negative bacteria [18]. In addition, the nitric oxide (NO)-mediated relaxation of the rat aorta, induced by LPS, was also inhibited by melatonin. In this context, the melatonin effect was due to the inhibition of the nuclear factor kappa B (NFKB) pathway and was no ...
T cell
T cells or T lymphocytes are a type of lymphocyte (in turn, a type of white blood cell) that plays a central role in cell-mediated immunity. They can be distinguished from other lymphocytes, such as B cells and natural killer cells (NK cells), by the presence of a T-cell receptor (TCR) on the cell surface. They are called T cells because they mature in the thymus (although some also mature in the tonsils). The several subsets of T cells each have a distinct function. The majority of human T cells rearrange their alpha/beta T cell receptors and are termed alpha beta T cells and are part of adaptive immune system. Specialized gamma delta T cells, which comprise a minority of T cells in the human body (more frequent in ruminants), have invariant TCR (with limited diversity), can effectively present antigens to other T cells and are considered to be part of the innate immune system.