Level 3, 2004
... along DNA that codes for one protein. Proteins are made up of amino acids. There are 20 amino acids that make up proteins and the order, and how many of them are linked together, determines what the protein is and does. These amino acid sequences are coded for by sequenced triplets of bases on the D ...
... along DNA that codes for one protein. Proteins are made up of amino acids. There are 20 amino acids that make up proteins and the order, and how many of them are linked together, determines what the protein is and does. These amino acid sequences are coded for by sequenced triplets of bases on the D ...
Increased transversions in a novel mutator colon cancer cell line
... bacterial MMR does not correct all base ± base mispairs with equal eciency. For example, base ± base mispairs which could result in transversions are not repaired as well as other mispairs. Furthermore, DNA repair can be modulated by the surrounding DNA sequence (Fazakerley et al., 1986), suggestin ...
... bacterial MMR does not correct all base ± base mispairs with equal eciency. For example, base ± base mispairs which could result in transversions are not repaired as well as other mispairs. Furthermore, DNA repair can be modulated by the surrounding DNA sequence (Fazakerley et al., 1986), suggestin ...
Evidence for tautomerism in nucleic acid base
... interaction or by proton exchange with the solvent or because the population X2 decreases with increasing temperature as will be shown below. It should be mentioned that only those spectra could be fitted where the free induction decays were not treated with resolution enhancement procedures prior t ...
... interaction or by proton exchange with the solvent or because the population X2 decreases with increasing temperature as will be shown below. It should be mentioned that only those spectra could be fitted where the free induction decays were not treated with resolution enhancement procedures prior t ...
T. TRIOSE PHOSPHATE ISOMERASE Background
... second mechanism is a proton transfer mechanism, in which deprotonation of GAP leads to the formation of an enediolate intermediate which rearranges to form DHAP upon reprotonation (Figure T.4B). The strongest mechanistic evidence for proton transfer came through a chemical exchange experiment (rece ...
... second mechanism is a proton transfer mechanism, in which deprotonation of GAP leads to the formation of an enediolate intermediate which rearranges to form DHAP upon reprotonation (Figure T.4B). The strongest mechanistic evidence for proton transfer came through a chemical exchange experiment (rece ...
Identification of Amino Acid Substitutions that Alter the Substrate Specificity of TEM-1 b-Lactamase.
... cannot efficiently hydrolyze recently developed extendedspectrum cephalosporins, such as cefotaxime and ceftazidime. Extended-spectrum antibiotics were developed, in part, because of their resistance to plasmid-mediated ,3-lactamases such as TEM-1. However, transferable resistance to the antibiotics ...
... cannot efficiently hydrolyze recently developed extendedspectrum cephalosporins, such as cefotaxime and ceftazidime. Extended-spectrum antibiotics were developed, in part, because of their resistance to plasmid-mediated ,3-lactamases such as TEM-1. However, transferable resistance to the antibiotics ...
a server for analyzing and predicting RNA
... of protein–RNA recognition (5,6) and has the potential to enhance our fundamental understanding of how proteins recognize RNA. Here we describe RNABindR, a web-based server that uses machine learning approaches to identify amino acids in a protein that are most likely to participate in RNA-binding. ...
... of protein–RNA recognition (5,6) and has the potential to enhance our fundamental understanding of how proteins recognize RNA. Here we describe RNABindR, a web-based server that uses machine learning approaches to identify amino acids in a protein that are most likely to participate in RNA-binding. ...
Population Genetics
... probability of not being passed on, in small populations this probability is significant – Founder effect - A small number of individuals from a large population populate an area. Only the alleles of the few founders are represented in their descendants, not the entire population from which they cam ...
... probability of not being passed on, in small populations this probability is significant – Founder effect - A small number of individuals from a large population populate an area. Only the alleles of the few founders are represented in their descendants, not the entire population from which they cam ...
Differential expression of vasa homologue gene in the germ cells
... efferent duct; OC, ovarian cavity; GC, spermatogonia. Scale bar, 20 mm. ...
... efferent duct; OC, ovarian cavity; GC, spermatogonia. Scale bar, 20 mm. ...
Characterizing a Lambda Red Recombinase Induced Presumptive
... The resulting LacI mutant should produce the same amount of lac gene products in the presence and absence of an inducer. A method that is used for performing gene replacements in E.coli is the phage λ Red pathway. The λ Red pathway allows linear double-stranded DNAs as short as 30 bases to replace t ...
... The resulting LacI mutant should produce the same amount of lac gene products in the presence and absence of an inducer. A method that is used for performing gene replacements in E.coli is the phage λ Red pathway. The λ Red pathway allows linear double-stranded DNAs as short as 30 bases to replace t ...
Nucleic Acids Research
... the A-T rich 3' noncoding region probe. The coding region isolates were further subdivided into 7 classes by restriction enzyme and hybridization analyses, which revealed that 3 of these clones were identical. The hybridizing fragment of each of these 7 clones was then subcloned into either pBR322 o ...
... the A-T rich 3' noncoding region probe. The coding region isolates were further subdivided into 7 classes by restriction enzyme and hybridization analyses, which revealed that 3 of these clones were identical. The hybridizing fragment of each of these 7 clones was then subcloned into either pBR322 o ...
Molecular analysis of Japanese patients with steroid 21
... The DNA analysis of a fetus from family 15 revealed that only one of the chromosome 6 alleles carried the i2g mutation (Fig. 3), predicting that the fetus would be unaffected. After delivery, this prediction was confirmed by postnatal DNA analysis and hormonal studies. ...
... The DNA analysis of a fetus from family 15 revealed that only one of the chromosome 6 alleles carried the i2g mutation (Fig. 3), predicting that the fetus would be unaffected. After delivery, this prediction was confirmed by postnatal DNA analysis and hormonal studies. ...
Polymerase Chain Reaction In Ophthalmology
... However these problems can be to some extent overcome with the advent of newer techniques such as real time PCR. • Again high specificity can give rise to false-negative results, if the target DNA location of the pathogen is pleomorphic. • PCR cannot detect the organism for which primers have not be ...
... However these problems can be to some extent overcome with the advent of newer techniques such as real time PCR. • Again high specificity can give rise to false-negative results, if the target DNA location of the pathogen is pleomorphic. • PCR cannot detect the organism for which primers have not be ...
In the light of directed evolution: Pathways of adaptive protein evolution
... about the fractions of mutations that fall into each of these 3 classifications, despite applying different methodologies to different proteins to optimize different properties. Typically, ⬇30– 50% of random mutations are strongly deleterious (17–19), 50–70% are approximately neutral (17–19), and pe ...
... about the fractions of mutations that fall into each of these 3 classifications, despite applying different methodologies to different proteins to optimize different properties. Typically, ⬇30– 50% of random mutations are strongly deleterious (17–19), 50–70% are approximately neutral (17–19), and pe ...
The Value of MLPA in Waardenburg Syndrome - MRC
... Since PAX3 was cloned (Baldwin et al., 1992), no other gene has been discovered as an etiology for WS 1 or 3. Point mutations in PAX3 have been identified in more than 90% of affected individuals with WS 1 or 3. In contrast, WS2 is genetically heterogeneous, with only 10–15% of affected individuals ...
... Since PAX3 was cloned (Baldwin et al., 1992), no other gene has been discovered as an etiology for WS 1 or 3. Point mutations in PAX3 have been identified in more than 90% of affected individuals with WS 1 or 3. In contrast, WS2 is genetically heterogeneous, with only 10–15% of affected individuals ...
active site - Blue Valley Schools
... active site by weak interactions, such as hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds. ...
... active site by weak interactions, such as hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds. ...
NOCARDIA sp. INDONESIAN VOLCANIC SOIL DESAK GEDE SRI ANDAYANI , ELIN YULINAH SUKANDAR
... resistance in cell microorganisms by changing the compound toxic to non-toxic. The bacteria that live in extreme environment have a mechanism of resistance toxic heavy metals such as selenium that only specific bacteria can survive on environment containing selenium. The mechanism of resistance is d ...
... resistance in cell microorganisms by changing the compound toxic to non-toxic. The bacteria that live in extreme environment have a mechanism of resistance toxic heavy metals such as selenium that only specific bacteria can survive on environment containing selenium. The mechanism of resistance is d ...
PDF
... AtLIG1_3⬘UTR-Rev, 5⬘-CTGGCCTCAGAGCACATTTCCT-3⬘. Primers used to amplify the control GAPDH mRNA were GAPDH3⬘, 5⬘GTAGCCCCACTCGTTGTCGTA-3⬘ and GAPDH5⬘, 5⬘-AGGGTGGTGCCAAGAAGGTTG-3⬘. GAPDH primers were designed to span introns, such that genome-specific and cDNA-specific PCR products could easily be dist ...
... AtLIG1_3⬘UTR-Rev, 5⬘-CTGGCCTCAGAGCACATTTCCT-3⬘. Primers used to amplify the control GAPDH mRNA were GAPDH3⬘, 5⬘GTAGCCCCACTCGTTGTCGTA-3⬘ and GAPDH5⬘, 5⬘-AGGGTGGTGCCAAGAAGGTTG-3⬘. GAPDH primers were designed to span introns, such that genome-specific and cDNA-specific PCR products could easily be dist ...
Molecular diagnosis of human immuno deficiency virus (HIV) by
... DNA into millions of identical copies. It is widely applied in molecular research and being a promising approach for routine diagnostic laboratory. However, the high amplification power in PCR also generates a potential risk for false-positive PCR result. In general laboratory practice, the specimen ...
... DNA into millions of identical copies. It is widely applied in molecular research and being a promising approach for routine diagnostic laboratory. However, the high amplification power in PCR also generates a potential risk for false-positive PCR result. In general laboratory practice, the specimen ...
Slide 1
... "It is interesting to contemplate an entangled bank, clothed with many plants of many kinds, with birds singing on the bushes, with various insects flitting about, and with worms crawling through the damp earth, and to reflect that these elaborately constructed forms, so different from each other, a ...
... "It is interesting to contemplate an entangled bank, clothed with many plants of many kinds, with birds singing on the bushes, with various insects flitting about, and with worms crawling through the damp earth, and to reflect that these elaborately constructed forms, so different from each other, a ...
Generation and analysis of mutated clonal scFv Jiya George
... subcloned into the pAK400 expression vector. The computer-based models, created using the Swiss PDB Deep Viewer 4.02 software, were used to predict the antigen-binding site and affinity analysis of both parent and mutated scFv’s. Mutated clone 1 failed to bind to the R7V epitope whereas mutated clon ...
... subcloned into the pAK400 expression vector. The computer-based models, created using the Swiss PDB Deep Viewer 4.02 software, were used to predict the antigen-binding site and affinity analysis of both parent and mutated scFv’s. Mutated clone 1 failed to bind to the R7V epitope whereas mutated clon ...
Chapter Nineteen
... ► Enzymes are mostly water-soluble, globular proteins, and many incorporate cofactors, which are either metal ions or organic molecules known as coenzymes. ► Six major classes and many subclasses of reactions are catalyzed by enzymes. ► As the substrate enters the active site, the enzyme shape adjus ...
... ► Enzymes are mostly water-soluble, globular proteins, and many incorporate cofactors, which are either metal ions or organic molecules known as coenzymes. ► Six major classes and many subclasses of reactions are catalyzed by enzymes. ► As the substrate enters the active site, the enzyme shape adjus ...
Identification of a new mtDNA mutation (14724G>A) associated with
... with mutations in nDNA-encoded subunits of complex I or, less frequently, with variants in SURF1 [26], which encodes an ancillary protein required for correct COX assembly. Moreover, mitochondrial leukodystrophy is mandatory in patients with the MNGIE (myo-neuro-gastrointestinal encephalopathy) synd ...
... with mutations in nDNA-encoded subunits of complex I or, less frequently, with variants in SURF1 [26], which encodes an ancillary protein required for correct COX assembly. Moreover, mitochondrial leukodystrophy is mandatory in patients with the MNGIE (myo-neuro-gastrointestinal encephalopathy) synd ...
enzyme
... ion during the isolation process. Metal-activated enzyme The combination of metal ion with enzyme part is not tight, but the metal ion is needed for the activity of enzyme. ...
... ion during the isolation process. Metal-activated enzyme The combination of metal ion with enzyme part is not tight, but the metal ion is needed for the activity of enzyme. ...
Deoxyribozyme
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Deoxyribozymes, also called DNA enzymes, DNAzymes, or catalytic DNA, are DNA oligonucleotides that are capable of catalyzing specific chemical reactions, similar to the action of other biological enzymes, such as proteins or ribozymes (enzymes composed of RNA).However, in contrast to the abundance of protein enzymes in biological systems and the discovery of biological ribozymes in the 1980s,there are no known naturally occurring deoxyribozymes.Deoxyribozymes should not be confused with DNA aptamers which are oligonucleotides that selectively bind a target ligand, but do not catalyze a subsequent chemical reaction.With the exception of ribozymes, nucleic acid molecules within cells primarily serve as storage of genetic information due to its ability to form complementary base pairs, which allows for high-fidelity copying and transfer of genetic information. In contrast, nucleic acid molecules are more limited in their catalytic ability, in comparison to protein enzymes, to just three types of interactions: hydrogen bonding, pi stacking, and metal-ion coordination. This is due to the limited number of functional groups of the nucleic acid monomers: while proteins are built from up to twenty different amino acids with various functional groups, nucleic acids are built from just four chemically similar nucleobases. In addition, DNA lacks the 2'-hydroxyl group found in RNA which limits the catalytic competency of deoxyribozymes even in comparison to ribozymes.In addition to the inherent inferiority of DNA catalytic activity, the apparent lack of naturally occurring deoxyribozymes may also be due to the primarily double-stranded conformation of DNA in biological systems which would limit its physical flexibility and ability to form tertiary structures, and so would drastically limit the ability of double-stranded DNA to act as a catalyst; though there are a few known instances of biological single-stranded DNA such as multicopy single-stranded DNA (msDNA), certain viral genomes, and the replication fork formed during DNA replication. Further structural differences between DNA and RNA may also play a role in the lack of biological deoxyribozymes, such as the additional methyl group of the DNA base thymidine compared to the RNA base uracil or the tendency of DNA to adopt the B-form helix while RNA tends to adopt the A-form helix. However, it has also been shown that DNA can form structures that RNA cannot, which suggests that, though there are differences in structures that each can form, neither is inherently more or less catalytic due to their possible structural motifs.