DNA
... ___DNA___ is a _polymer_ made of _repeating_ subunits called _nucleotides_ (the monomer). _Nucleotides_ have three parts: a simple __sugar__, a _phosphate_ __group__, and a _nitrogenous_ ___base___. In DNA there are ___four___ possible _nucleotides_ , each containing one of these four bases. ...
... ___DNA___ is a _polymer_ made of _repeating_ subunits called _nucleotides_ (the monomer). _Nucleotides_ have three parts: a simple __sugar__, a _phosphate_ __group__, and a _nitrogenous_ ___base___. In DNA there are ___four___ possible _nucleotides_ , each containing one of these four bases. ...
Using a Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism to Predict
... samples are then boiled to rupture the cell membranes and extract the DNA. As the cells lyse they also release enzymes that degrade nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), but many of these enzymes require metal ions as cofactors (Mg++). The Chelex® resin in the sample tubes binds all the free metal ions prese ...
... samples are then boiled to rupture the cell membranes and extract the DNA. As the cells lyse they also release enzymes that degrade nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), but many of these enzymes require metal ions as cofactors (Mg++). The Chelex® resin in the sample tubes binds all the free metal ions prese ...
Protein Synthesis
... RNA polymerase binds to a region on DNA known as the promoter, which signals the start of a gene Promoters are specific to genes RNA polymerase does not need a primer Transcription factors assemble at the promoter forming a transcription initiation complex – activator proteins help stabilize ...
... RNA polymerase binds to a region on DNA known as the promoter, which signals the start of a gene Promoters are specific to genes RNA polymerase does not need a primer Transcription factors assemble at the promoter forming a transcription initiation complex – activator proteins help stabilize ...
Basic Biology - NIU Department of Biological Sciences
... Water also moves down the concentration gradient. Since the cell is full of other molcules, water wants to moves into the cell to dilute them. This process is called osmosis, and it exerts a pressure that can cause cells to swell up and burst. We say that pure water is hypotonic relative to the insi ...
... Water also moves down the concentration gradient. Since the cell is full of other molcules, water wants to moves into the cell to dilute them. This process is called osmosis, and it exerts a pressure that can cause cells to swell up and burst. We say that pure water is hypotonic relative to the insi ...
Evolution - TeacherWeb
... evidence that fossil monotremes, reptiles, and placental mammals all can be found in the same rock layers on some continents ...
... evidence that fossil monotremes, reptiles, and placental mammals all can be found in the same rock layers on some continents ...
Bacterial Genetics
... circular chromosome. In addition, prokaryotes often contain small circular DNA molecules called “plasmids”, that confer useful properties such as drug resistance. Only circular DNA molecules in prokaryotes can replicate. • In contrast, eukaryotes are often diploid, and eukaryotes have linear chromos ...
... circular chromosome. In addition, prokaryotes often contain small circular DNA molecules called “plasmids”, that confer useful properties such as drug resistance. Only circular DNA molecules in prokaryotes can replicate. • In contrast, eukaryotes are often diploid, and eukaryotes have linear chromos ...
Divergence and Convergence in Enzyme Evolution
... Cupins—The cupin superfamily, together with the 2-ketoglutarate- and iron-dependent dioxygenase superfamily, belongs to the double-stranded -helix fold, and members of both superfamilies have been occasionally referred to as cupins (41, 42). However, even cupins sensu stricto are extremely diverse, ...
... Cupins—The cupin superfamily, together with the 2-ketoglutarate- and iron-dependent dioxygenase superfamily, belongs to the double-stranded -helix fold, and members of both superfamilies have been occasionally referred to as cupins (41, 42). However, even cupins sensu stricto are extremely diverse, ...
Gene Expression Specific Target Amplification
... targets requires a minimum of 500-1,000 copies in the original 5 µL loading volume. Because some genes exhibit low expression resulting in more dilute target concentrations, we recommend using Specific Target Amplification to increase target concentration. Specific Target Amplification (STA) uses th ...
... targets requires a minimum of 500-1,000 copies in the original 5 µL loading volume. Because some genes exhibit low expression resulting in more dilute target concentrations, we recommend using Specific Target Amplification to increase target concentration. Specific Target Amplification (STA) uses th ...
Biological Macromolecules and Lipids
... digestive tract as insoluble fiber • Some microbes use enzymes to digest cellulose • Many herbivores, from cows to termites, have symbiotic relationships with these microbes ...
... digestive tract as insoluble fiber • Some microbes use enzymes to digest cellulose • Many herbivores, from cows to termites, have symbiotic relationships with these microbes ...
Nerve activates contraction
... The active site is molded into a tighter fit around the substrates Substrates are held in close contact; EA is lowered; products are formed and released Enzyme regains original shape; it is reused ...
... The active site is molded into a tighter fit around the substrates Substrates are held in close contact; EA is lowered; products are formed and released Enzyme regains original shape; it is reused ...
Vectors - Rajshahi University
... advantage of the phage vector is its high transformation efficiency, about 1000 times more efficient than the plasmid vector. ...
... advantage of the phage vector is its high transformation efficiency, about 1000 times more efficient than the plasmid vector. ...
Gel Electrophoresis
... standard gel electrophoresis except that instead of constantly running the voltage in one direction, the voltage is periodically switched among three directions (one that runs through the central axis of the gel and two that run at an angle of 60 degrees either side). • The pulse times are equal for ...
... standard gel electrophoresis except that instead of constantly running the voltage in one direction, the voltage is periodically switched among three directions (one that runs through the central axis of the gel and two that run at an angle of 60 degrees either side). • The pulse times are equal for ...
DNA - IS THE ANSWER IN YOUR GENES?
... compare test results and establish whether two men share a common ancestor within a given time frame. The more matches they have, the more closely related they are. Y-DNA follows the direct paternal line (your father, your father's father, etc) which usually corresponds with the inheritance pattern ...
... compare test results and establish whether two men share a common ancestor within a given time frame. The more matches they have, the more closely related they are. Y-DNA follows the direct paternal line (your father, your father's father, etc) which usually corresponds with the inheritance pattern ...
... B15 (13 pts) The HIV reverse transcriptase (HIV-RT) is also a drug target for AIDS drugs. As with the HIV protease, mutations arise in this enzyme, generating HIV viruses that are resistant to existing drugs. Pharmaceutical companies would like to characterize these altered reverse transcriptases to ...
Enzymes
... Vmax this is the fastest number of substrates an enzyme can process Competitive inhibitors: look like the enzymes substrate so they block up the active site More substrate can reduce their effects substrate ...
... Vmax this is the fastest number of substrates an enzyme can process Competitive inhibitors: look like the enzymes substrate so they block up the active site More substrate can reduce their effects substrate ...
Eukaryotic Transcription
... eukaryotic genes, so this section will focus on how this polymerase accomplishes elongation and termination. Although the enzymatic process of elongation is essentially the same in eukaryotes and prokaryotes, the DNA template is more complex. When eukaryotic cells are not dividing, their genes exist ...
... eukaryotic genes, so this section will focus on how this polymerase accomplishes elongation and termination. Although the enzymatic process of elongation is essentially the same in eukaryotes and prokaryotes, the DNA template is more complex. When eukaryotic cells are not dividing, their genes exist ...
Chapter1_PowerPoint - Northern Highlands
... • Each DNA molecule is made up of two long chains arranged in a double helix • Each link of a chain is one of four kinds of chemical building blocks called nucleotides and nicknamed A, G, C, and T • Genes control protein production indirectly • DNA is transcribed into RNA then translated into a pro ...
... • Each DNA molecule is made up of two long chains arranged in a double helix • Each link of a chain is one of four kinds of chemical building blocks called nucleotides and nicknamed A, G, C, and T • Genes control protein production indirectly • DNA is transcribed into RNA then translated into a pro ...
Gene targeting in filamentous fungi: the benefits of impaired repair
... comprise a conserved core that is flanked by N- and Cterminal domains, which presumably mediate interactions with additional partners of the NHEJ pathway. Solving the three-dimensional structure of the mammalian Ku complex revealed its toroidal shape that contains positively charged amino acids insi ...
... comprise a conserved core that is flanked by N- and Cterminal domains, which presumably mediate interactions with additional partners of the NHEJ pathway. Solving the three-dimensional structure of the mammalian Ku complex revealed its toroidal shape that contains positively charged amino acids insi ...
Slide 1
... helices is 34 angstroms which corresponds to one turn of the B-DNA double helix. This means that when the recognition helix of one sub-unit binds in the groove of a specific region of DNA, the second sub-units' helix can also bind in the DNA groove, one turn along from the first helix ...
... helices is 34 angstroms which corresponds to one turn of the B-DNA double helix. This means that when the recognition helix of one sub-unit binds in the groove of a specific region of DNA, the second sub-units' helix can also bind in the DNA groove, one turn along from the first helix ...
11.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 296
... • A mutation may produce a new trait or it may result in a protein that does not work correctly. • Sometimes, the mutation results in a protein that is nonfunctional, and the embryo may not survive. ...
... • A mutation may produce a new trait or it may result in a protein that does not work correctly. • Sometimes, the mutation results in a protein that is nonfunctional, and the embryo may not survive. ...
Urania basin brine Bannock basin interface l`Atalante basin interface
... Fragment size (base pairs) ...
... Fragment size (base pairs) ...
Learning Objectives
... 3. Explain how RNA differs from DNA. 4. Briefly explain how information flows from gene to protein. 5. Distinguish between transcription and translation. 6. Compare where transcription and translation occur in bacteria and in eukaryotes. 7. Define “codon” and explain the relationship between the lin ...
... 3. Explain how RNA differs from DNA. 4. Briefly explain how information flows from gene to protein. 5. Distinguish between transcription and translation. 6. Compare where transcription and translation occur in bacteria and in eukaryotes. 7. Define “codon” and explain the relationship between the lin ...
Protists
... PROTISTS- Chapter 28 “More about what they are not… than what they are” CHARACTERISTICS EUKARYOTES that AREN’T animals, plants, or fungi Primarily unicellular (Paramecium, Euglena); Some colonial (Volvox); some multicellular (Seaweed) Cilia or flagella at some time in life cycle Kingdom is POLYPHYLE ...
... PROTISTS- Chapter 28 “More about what they are not… than what they are” CHARACTERISTICS EUKARYOTES that AREN’T animals, plants, or fungi Primarily unicellular (Paramecium, Euglena); Some colonial (Volvox); some multicellular (Seaweed) Cilia or flagella at some time in life cycle Kingdom is POLYPHYLE ...
Deoxyribozyme
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Deoxyribozymes, also called DNA enzymes, DNAzymes, or catalytic DNA, are DNA oligonucleotides that are capable of catalyzing specific chemical reactions, similar to the action of other biological enzymes, such as proteins or ribozymes (enzymes composed of RNA).However, in contrast to the abundance of protein enzymes in biological systems and the discovery of biological ribozymes in the 1980s,there are no known naturally occurring deoxyribozymes.Deoxyribozymes should not be confused with DNA aptamers which are oligonucleotides that selectively bind a target ligand, but do not catalyze a subsequent chemical reaction.With the exception of ribozymes, nucleic acid molecules within cells primarily serve as storage of genetic information due to its ability to form complementary base pairs, which allows for high-fidelity copying and transfer of genetic information. In contrast, nucleic acid molecules are more limited in their catalytic ability, in comparison to protein enzymes, to just three types of interactions: hydrogen bonding, pi stacking, and metal-ion coordination. This is due to the limited number of functional groups of the nucleic acid monomers: while proteins are built from up to twenty different amino acids with various functional groups, nucleic acids are built from just four chemically similar nucleobases. In addition, DNA lacks the 2'-hydroxyl group found in RNA which limits the catalytic competency of deoxyribozymes even in comparison to ribozymes.In addition to the inherent inferiority of DNA catalytic activity, the apparent lack of naturally occurring deoxyribozymes may also be due to the primarily double-stranded conformation of DNA in biological systems which would limit its physical flexibility and ability to form tertiary structures, and so would drastically limit the ability of double-stranded DNA to act as a catalyst; though there are a few known instances of biological single-stranded DNA such as multicopy single-stranded DNA (msDNA), certain viral genomes, and the replication fork formed during DNA replication. Further structural differences between DNA and RNA may also play a role in the lack of biological deoxyribozymes, such as the additional methyl group of the DNA base thymidine compared to the RNA base uracil or the tendency of DNA to adopt the B-form helix while RNA tends to adopt the A-form helix. However, it has also been shown that DNA can form structures that RNA cannot, which suggests that, though there are differences in structures that each can form, neither is inherently more or less catalytic due to their possible structural motifs.