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Lecture 1: Fundamentals of Protein Structure
Lecture 1: Fundamentals of Protein Structure

... Not conserved (can be many different residues in different species) ...
A Tool for Editing the Genome: Supplemental
A Tool for Editing the Genome: Supplemental

... example, bacteria exposed to viruses add strands of DNA that act like a “recording of exposure” to the particular viruses. These CRISPR ‘recordings’ have proven helpful to cheese and yogurt producers; most major U.S. producers compare various strains of the bacteria to select those with the most pre ...
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Mutations Notes - Mr. Coleman`s Biology

...  Factors that cause mutations.  Mutagens can be chemical, radiation, high temperature, X-Rays, or UV light. ...
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... Fractions containing the eluted proteins were assayed for the ability to transcribe DNA (red curve) in the presence of the four ribonucleoside triphosphates. The synthesis of RNA by each fraction in the presence of 1 ug/ml of a-amanitin also was measured (blue curve). ...
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Slides - Department of Computer Science

... • Find motif W* with “best” match to x1, …, xn Definition of “best”: d(W, xi) = min hamming dist. between W and a word in xi d(W, S) = i d(W, xi) W* = argmin( d(W, S) ) ...
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... Unit-IV and Unit-V is being discussed. All are of the related topics dealing with classical and molecular genetics. Some subsections of Molecular genetics are a new addition to the old syllabus. Both long term and regular students feel difficult to understand these chapters. Most of the question wil ...
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... • String of beads then coils into a larger structure called the 30 nm fiber • With additional proteins next coiled in to a 200 nm fiber ...
Fundamentals of Nucleic Acid Biochemistry: RNA
Fundamentals of Nucleic Acid Biochemistry: RNA

... Stored mRNAs usually have short poly(A) tails (15-90 As vs 100300 As). Specific mRNAs are marked for deadenylation (“tail-chopping”) prior to storage by AU-rich sequences in 3’-UTR. Activation occurs when an enzyme recognizes AU-rich element and adds ~150 As to create a full length poly(A) tail. ...
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If you need help, please ask!!!

... 3. Discuss the 5 control factors of cell division and briefly why cancer cells are easier to grow in the lab than other cells. 4. Briefly discuss how horizontal gene transfer can increase genetic diversity in asexually reproducing prokaryotes. 5. Compare and contrast PCR and RFLP. When would one be ...
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Chapter 8. Chemical Bonds

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The Academy of Science Teacher`s Guide

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...  Mutations are changes in genetic material – changes in DNA code – thus a change in a gene(s)  In gene mutations, the DNA code will have a base (or more) missing, added, or exchanged in a codon. ...
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Course: Biology I Honors Course Code: 2000320 Quarter 2

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... Note the degree of sequence variation at each position. The consensus sequence has been derived from a much larger database of over 300 well-characterized promoters. The "consensus sequence" is a hypothetical sequence made up of the nucleotides found most often in each position. There may be no sing ...
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... The other nucleic acid is RNA (ribonucleic acid). RNA is found in the nucleus but not in the chromosomes. RNA comes in more than one form, but all have the structure of a single sugar phosphate backbone and four bases, Guanine, Adenine, Cytosine, and Uracil (replacing the Thymine in DNA). ...
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Promega Enzyme Resource Guide, Cloning Enzymes , BR075B

... (i.e., the joining of ‘’Okazaki’’ fragments formed by discontinuous or lagging strand replication; 1), DNA repair, and recombination. The best known RNA ligase is bacteriophage T4 RNA ligase. This enzyme does not appear to have any role in nucleic acid metabolism in bacteriophage T4 infected E. coli ...
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... Abstract The possibility of a high-temperature origin of life has gained support based on indirect evidence of a hot, early Earth and on the basal position of hyperthermophilic organisms in rRNA-based phylogenies. However, although the availability of more than 80 completely sequenced cellular genom ...
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Application of Recombinant DNA Technology

... can originate from any species. For example, plant DNA may be joined to bacterial DNA, or human DNA may be joined with fungal DNA. In addition, DNA sequences that do not occur anywhere in nature may be created by the chemical synthesis of DNA, and incorporated into recombinant molecules. Using recom ...
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DNA Extraction from Extremophiles - Center for Ribosomal Origins
DNA Extraction from Extremophiles - Center for Ribosomal Origins

... Several steps are required to extract the bacterial DNA so that it will precipitate out in a visible form. First, the cell wall must be broken open by adding the lysis solution. Unlike DNA, which is formed from nucleotide monomers made of deoxyribose, phosphate and a nitrogenous base, cell and nucle ...
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Nucleic acid analogue



Nucleic acid analogues are compounds which are analogous (structurally similar) to naturally occurring RNA and DNA, used in medicine and in molecular biology research.Nucleic acids are chains of nucleotides, which are composed of three parts: a phosphate backbone, a pucker-shaped pentose sugar, either ribose or deoxyribose, and one of four nucleobases.An analogue may have any of these altered. Typically the analogue nucleobases confer, among other things, different base pairing and base stacking properties. Examples include universal bases, which can pair with all four canonical bases, and phosphate-sugar backbone analogues such as PNA, which affect the properties of the chain (PNA can even form a triple helix).Nucleic acid analogues are also called Xeno Nucleic Acid and represent one of the main pillars of xenobiology, the design of new-to-nature forms of life based on alternative biochemistries.Artificial nucleic acids include peptide nucleic acid (PNA), Morpholino and locked nucleic acid (LNA), as well as glycol nucleic acid (GNA) and threose nucleic acid (TNA). Each of these is distinguished from naturally occurring DNA or RNA by changes to the backbone of the molecule.In May 2014, researchers announced that they had successfully introduced two new artificial nucleotides into bacterial DNA, and by including individual artificial nucleotides in the culture media, were able to passage the bacteria 24 times; they did not create mRNA or proteins able to use the artificial nucleotides. The artificial nucleotides featured 2 fused aromatic rings.
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