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PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction
PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction

... Miami Children’s Hospital Research institute ...
GHW#10-Questions
GHW#10-Questions

... Proteins Naturally occurring bioorganic polyamide polymers containing a sequence of various combinations of 20 amino acids. Amino acids contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen and few also contain sulfur Amino acids: Polyfunctional bioorganic compunds ...
Biology
Biology

... 1. RNA is a type of nucleic acid which is made up of a long chain of nucleotides. 2. Each nucleotide, like DNA, is made up of a: ...
File
File

... and roundworms. Before this mapping process, the human genome was estimated to contain about 80-140 thousands genes, based on comparison with the size of bacteria in which the actual gene mapping already obtained. ...
video slide - Independent School District 196
video slide - Independent School District 196

... A A G Anticodon (a) Two-dimensional structure. The four base-paired regions and three loops are characteristic of all tRNAs, as is the base sequence of the amino acid attachment site at the 3 end. The anticodon triplet is unique to each tRNA type. (The asterisks mark bases that have been chemically ...
Chemistry: Biological Molecules (GPC)
Chemistry: Biological Molecules (GPC)

... Disaccharides (di- = two) form when two monosaccharides undergo a dehydration reaction (a reaction in which the removal of a water molecule occurs). During this process, the hydroxyl group (OH) of one monosaccharide combines with a hydrogen atom of another monosaccharide, releasing a molecule of ...
Transformation of competent cells and clone
Transformation of competent cells and clone

Bio212-01-Alu Lab Part1
Bio212-01-Alu Lab Part1

... In this Lab exercise, we will attempt to isolate our own DNA and then use the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) to analyze our own genetic make-up! Recall that PCR is a powerful technique that mimics cellular DNA replication to make millions of copies of short, specific regions of DNA. We will use thi ...
Biosynthesis of amino acids
Biosynthesis of amino acids

... 4. Cleavage of argininosuccinate, catalyzed by argininosuccinase or argininosuccinate lyase 5. Hydrolytic cleavage of the guanidino group of arginine, catalyzed by liver arginase, releases urea. The other product, ornithine, reenters liver mitochondria for additional rounds of urea synthesis. ...
Translation - SBI4u Biology Resources
Translation - SBI4u Biology Resources

... The next phase in translation is known as the elongation phase (Figure 6). First, the ribosome moves along the mRNA in the 5'-to-3'direction, which requires the elongation factor G, in a process called translocation. The tRNA that corresponds to the second codon can then bind to the A site, a step ...
Review Sheet for Exam Two
Review Sheet for Exam Two

... glucogenic aa’s (23.5) and class notes. ...
www.d3technologies.co.uk
www.d3technologies.co.uk

... Typical SERS spectra for the Alanine, Phenylanine and Cysteine are shown in Figure.4 (a), (b) and (c) respectively. The main vibrational modes of each analyte are clearly identifiable. The typical skeleton torsional and stretching modes of L-Alanine in the 400-1000 cm-1 range is shown in Figure. 4 ( ...
An investigation into the relationship between
An investigation into the relationship between

... Common (Malvern Hills SSSI, Worcestershire); areas where slow worms, grass snakes and adders are known to be present. The location of all faecal samples was determined using GPS ± 50cm (Figure 2.). Samples were collected on the 1st and 5th July 2013. To ensure faecal samples were from pheasants and ...
Summary of Additional A-level Paper 2 content - A
Summary of Additional A-level Paper 2 content - A

... including the concept of a stereospecific active site that binds to a substrate molecule, explain why a stereospecific active site can only bond to one enantiomeric form of a substrate or drug, describe the principle of a drug acting as an enzyme inhibitor by blocking the active site, and understand ...
Activity 19.4, DNA Sequencing
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... “DNA Sequencing is a laboratory method of determining the nucleotide sequence of a DNA fragment. The most popular method, sometimes called dideoxysequencing, was worked out by Frederick Sanger in 1974, and so is also called Sanger sequencing. The method utilizes DNA polymerase in vitro to perform a ...
Protein Chemistry
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... Primary structure: amino acid only. The actual amino acid sequence is specified by the DNA sequence. The primary structure is used to determine genetic relationships with other proteins - AKA homology. Amino acids that are not changed are considered invariant or conserved. Primary sequence is also u ...


... frames in the region common to these overlapping cosmid clones: NCU02205.3, NCU02206.3, NCU02207.3 and NCU02208.3. We amplified copies of the genomic DNA for these open reading frames and used them to transform strain 2342 (Table 2). Only PCR product from NCU02208.3 complemented the un-10 mutation. ...
Nucleic Acids Research
Nucleic Acids Research

... pM4a-1 containing the remaining 3' half. The artificial 5' EcoRI site of pM4a-2 was removed by very short Bal3l treatment starting from the adjacent SstI site in the polylinker. The retained HindIII and PstI site of the polylinker were used to insert the HindIII-PstI fragment of pcDX (23) harboring ...
Amino Acid Biosynthesis
Amino Acid Biosynthesis

Analyzing the Changes in DNA Flexibility Due to Base Modifications
Analyzing the Changes in DNA Flexibility Due to Base Modifications

... Equilibration using molecular dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
INSILICO ANALYSIS OF GYRASE SUBUNITS A AND B IN PROKARYOTES
INSILICO ANALYSIS OF GYRASE SUBUNITS A AND B IN PROKARYOTES

... known to retain ATPase activity. The crystal structure of this domain complexed with ADPNP has revealed the direct interaction between the protein and the cofactor [27]. The sequence M-Y-H-I-T is conserved in all the sequence from the position 40-42-43-44-45 respectively. Besides this patches of ami ...
Biology - Unit 8 Teacher Notes DNA and Protein Synthesis
Biology - Unit 8 Teacher Notes DNA and Protein Synthesis

... The rungs of the ladder are pairs of 4 types of nitrogen bases. Two of the bases are purinesadenine and guanine. The pyrimidines are thymine and cytosine. The bases are known by their coded letters A, G, T, C. These bases always bond in a certain way. Adenine will only bond to thymine. Guanine will ...
LECTURE 2: Precambrian Era: Origin of Life
LECTURE 2: Precambrian Era: Origin of Life

... RNA! Trapped inside a “protocell” by chance about 4.0 BYA  RNA came 1st b/c has the following properties:  _____________________________!!! Less complex/less stable than DNA  RNA into protein more direct than DNA into Protein  Has 3 different phenotypes (characteristics), can fold into diverse s ...
Mitochondria and Cellular Respiration
Mitochondria and Cellular Respiration

... only fuel on which cells depend. Other carbohydrates, fats and even proteins may in certain cells or at certain times be used as a source of ATP. The complexity of the mechanism by which cells use glucose may make you fervently hope that a similarlyconstructed system is not needed for each kind of f ...
Biol115 The Thread of Life
Biol115 The Thread of Life

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Nucleic acid analogue



Nucleic acid analogues are compounds which are analogous (structurally similar) to naturally occurring RNA and DNA, used in medicine and in molecular biology research.Nucleic acids are chains of nucleotides, which are composed of three parts: a phosphate backbone, a pucker-shaped pentose sugar, either ribose or deoxyribose, and one of four nucleobases.An analogue may have any of these altered. Typically the analogue nucleobases confer, among other things, different base pairing and base stacking properties. Examples include universal bases, which can pair with all four canonical bases, and phosphate-sugar backbone analogues such as PNA, which affect the properties of the chain (PNA can even form a triple helix).Nucleic acid analogues are also called Xeno Nucleic Acid and represent one of the main pillars of xenobiology, the design of new-to-nature forms of life based on alternative biochemistries.Artificial nucleic acids include peptide nucleic acid (PNA), Morpholino and locked nucleic acid (LNA), as well as glycol nucleic acid (GNA) and threose nucleic acid (TNA). Each of these is distinguished from naturally occurring DNA or RNA by changes to the backbone of the molecule.In May 2014, researchers announced that they had successfully introduced two new artificial nucleotides into bacterial DNA, and by including individual artificial nucleotides in the culture media, were able to passage the bacteria 24 times; they did not create mRNA or proteins able to use the artificial nucleotides. The artificial nucleotides featured 2 fused aromatic rings.
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