the fossil record of predator-prey arms races
... ABSTRACT—Arms races between predators and prey may be driven by two related processes—escalation and coevolution. Escalation is enemy-driven evolution. In this top-down view of an arms race, the role of prey (with the exception of dangerous prey) is downplayed. In coevolution, two or more species ch ...
... ABSTRACT—Arms races between predators and prey may be driven by two related processes—escalation and coevolution. Escalation is enemy-driven evolution. In this top-down view of an arms race, the role of prey (with the exception of dangerous prey) is downplayed. In coevolution, two or more species ch ...
Ecological scaling alters observed relationships between diversity
... that do not necessarily conform to temporal or spatial differences, or conventional ecological units. After all, for the most part units of ecological scale are not inviolate entities. Rather, they are often constructions with decidedly poorly-defined boundaries, internal partitions, and internal he ...
... that do not necessarily conform to temporal or spatial differences, or conventional ecological units. After all, for the most part units of ecological scale are not inviolate entities. Rather, they are often constructions with decidedly poorly-defined boundaries, internal partitions, and internal he ...
Genetic characterization of diplodia resistant in somatic hybrids Citrus unshiu (RGA)
... resistant in somatic hybrids of Citrus unshiu and Citrus nobilis had been done by phenotypic via observation diplodia symptom to obtain Citrus nobilis in seedless which resistance to diplodia [3]. However, evaluation disease resistant by phenotypic requires precise screening methodologies, accuratin ...
... resistant in somatic hybrids of Citrus unshiu and Citrus nobilis had been done by phenotypic via observation diplodia symptom to obtain Citrus nobilis in seedless which resistance to diplodia [3]. However, evaluation disease resistant by phenotypic requires precise screening methodologies, accuratin ...
univERsity oF copEnhAGEn
... in the DNA rearrangements that occur due to evolutionary processes, point mutations with‐ in the restriction enzyme recognition site sequences, insertions or deletions within the frag‐ ments, and unequal crossing over. The usefulness of these markers in improvement of common bean have been the asses ...
... in the DNA rearrangements that occur due to evolutionary processes, point mutations with‐ in the restriction enzyme recognition site sequences, insertions or deletions within the frag‐ ments, and unequal crossing over. The usefulness of these markers in improvement of common bean have been the asses ...
Mechanisms of UV radiation tolerance displayed
... between 1-3 cm in length, emerges from the water in a winged, but sexually immature, subimago stage. The mayfly then molts a final time, revealing the exoskeleton and becoming the adult imago. The adult stage generally lasts only several days, but in a few species, the adult stage may last as little ...
... between 1-3 cm in length, emerges from the water in a winged, but sexually immature, subimago stage. The mayfly then molts a final time, revealing the exoskeleton and becoming the adult imago. The adult stage generally lasts only several days, but in a few species, the adult stage may last as little ...
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... characteristics such as capping and erosion through rain splash. However, the amount of rainfall for an average storm is relatively low, less than 20 nun, resulting in high proportional interception losses. High evaporation causes the water of a rainstorm of less than 20 mm to disappear within five ...
... characteristics such as capping and erosion through rain splash. However, the amount of rainfall for an average storm is relatively low, less than 20 nun, resulting in high proportional interception losses. High evaporation causes the water of a rainstorm of less than 20 mm to disappear within five ...
Relationships between body size and abundance in ecology
... resources to different size species (e.g., [35,36]). However, in order to fully understand the implications of empirical LSDRs for processes of community assembly it is necessary to understand why LSDRs and GSDRs differ. The prevailing viewpoint holds that the GSDR probably represents only the maxim ...
... resources to different size species (e.g., [35,36]). However, in order to fully understand the implications of empirical LSDRs for processes of community assembly it is necessary to understand why LSDRs and GSDRs differ. The prevailing viewpoint holds that the GSDR probably represents only the maxim ...
Effects of patch attributes, barriers, and distance between patches
... Full model resulting from the stepwise logistic regression with distance between patches, presence of rivers between patches, and rock measurements as explanatory variables. ...
... Full model resulting from the stepwise logistic regression with distance between patches, presence of rivers between patches, and rock measurements as explanatory variables. ...
Intraspecific phenotypic variation among alewife populations drives
... impact on concurrent ecological dynamics has inspired research on the feedbacks between ecology and evolution of life-history traits [1,4,5]. There are now several examples of the influence of evolutionary diversification within species on ecological processes, both in laboratory systems [6] and in ...
... impact on concurrent ecological dynamics has inspired research on the feedbacks between ecology and evolution of life-history traits [1,4,5]. There are now several examples of the influence of evolutionary diversification within species on ecological processes, both in laboratory systems [6] and in ...
Novel Ciliate Genetic Code Variants Including the Reassignment of
... for termination. The threshold is shown as a gray-shaded area in figure 1. It can be seen that the distribution of stop codon1\ frequencies is bimodal with a clear separation between two classes. The few stop codons falling into the gray area may represent very recent stop codon reassignments, trans ...
... for termination. The threshold is shown as a gray-shaded area in figure 1. It can be seen that the distribution of stop codon1\ frequencies is bimodal with a clear separation between two classes. The few stop codons falling into the gray area may represent very recent stop codon reassignments, trans ...
The history and legacy of reintroduction of beavers in the European
... estimated at 12000 animals in Karelia and 1000 in the Karelian Isthmus, Leningrad Province (Danilov et al., 2007, 2012). Eurasian beaver numbers are estimated at 4000 animals in Karelia (Danilov & Fyodorov, unpublished data), with fewer than 40 beavers in the Murmansk Province (Kataev, 2015), 23000 ...
... estimated at 12000 animals in Karelia and 1000 in the Karelian Isthmus, Leningrad Province (Danilov et al., 2007, 2012). Eurasian beaver numbers are estimated at 4000 animals in Karelia (Danilov & Fyodorov, unpublished data), with fewer than 40 beavers in the Murmansk Province (Kataev, 2015), 23000 ...
Are We Missing the Forest for the Trees?
... One of the major questions in ecology is how plant species coexist and thus how diversity is maintained. While there are many theories to explain the maintenance of plant species diversity, compelling ...
... One of the major questions in ecology is how plant species coexist and thus how diversity is maintained. While there are many theories to explain the maintenance of plant species diversity, compelling ...
- Wiley Online Library
... endangered, or because it is viewed as a pest and is subjected to control measures, or both. Most management programmes treat carnivore species in isolation. However, there is a large and emerging body of evidence to demonstrate that populations of different carnivores interact with each other in a v ...
... endangered, or because it is viewed as a pest and is subjected to control measures, or both. Most management programmes treat carnivore species in isolation. However, there is a large and emerging body of evidence to demonstrate that populations of different carnivores interact with each other in a v ...
Tolerance of benthic macrofauna to hypoxia and anoxia in shallow
... piecemeal fabric of in situ documentations (e.g. Stachowitsch 1984) and, increasingly, from syntheses based on organisms from different communities, laboratory and field studies and different geographic regions (e.g. Vaquer-Sunyer & Duarte 2008, Farrell & Richards 2009). Our efforts are designed to ...
... piecemeal fabric of in situ documentations (e.g. Stachowitsch 1984) and, increasingly, from syntheses based on organisms from different communities, laboratory and field studies and different geographic regions (e.g. Vaquer-Sunyer & Duarte 2008, Farrell & Richards 2009). Our efforts are designed to ...
PDF - Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
... PB1 segment (Bloom et al. 2010). The GFP does not contribute to viral growth and so is not under functional selection— therefore, substitutions in this gene accumulate at the mutation rate. To drive the rapid accumulation of substitutions in the GFP gene, I performed limiting-dilution mutationaccumu ...
... PB1 segment (Bloom et al. 2010). The GFP does not contribute to viral growth and so is not under functional selection— therefore, substitutions in this gene accumulate at the mutation rate. To drive the rapid accumulation of substitutions in the GFP gene, I performed limiting-dilution mutationaccumu ...
Null model analysis of species associations using abundance data W U N
... Abstract. The influence of negative species interactions has dominated much of the literature on community assembly rules. Patterns of negative covariation among species are typically documented through null model analyses of binary presence/absence matrices in which rows designate species, columns d ...
... Abstract. The influence of negative species interactions has dominated much of the literature on community assembly rules. Patterns of negative covariation among species are typically documented through null model analyses of binary presence/absence matrices in which rows designate species, columns d ...
Nichols, M.C. 2003. Conservation strategy for robust redhorse
... collections, independently indicated the fish might belong to what was then believed to be an undescribed species known to ichthyologists by only two existing specimens: one collected from the Savannah River, Georgia-South Carolina in 1980; and a second from the Pee Dee River, North Carolina, in 198 ...
... collections, independently indicated the fish might belong to what was then believed to be an undescribed species known to ichthyologists by only two existing specimens: one collected from the Savannah River, Georgia-South Carolina in 1980; and a second from the Pee Dee River, North Carolina, in 198 ...
Sensitivity of copepod populations to bottom-up and top
... Since the timing of spring and fall blooms appears to be negatively correlated in specific locations (Song et al., 2010), a simulation with an earlier spring bloom also includes a later fall bloom and vice versa. For mortality we chose the same factor (20%) as for the variability in food concentrati ...
... Since the timing of spring and fall blooms appears to be negatively correlated in specific locations (Song et al., 2010), a simulation with an earlier spring bloom also includes a later fall bloom and vice versa. For mortality we chose the same factor (20%) as for the variability in food concentrati ...
The Functions of Biological Diversity in an Age of Extinction REVIEW
... Spatial scale is central in assessing the external validity of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning research because, relative to nature, typical experiments have less biodiversity and are smaller in size, shorter in duration, and much simpler in ecological structure. At large scales, in the absen ...
... Spatial scale is central in assessing the external validity of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning research because, relative to nature, typical experiments have less biodiversity and are smaller in size, shorter in duration, and much simpler in ecological structure. At large scales, in the absen ...
Cheetah - Convention on Migratory Species
... and therefore coming into conflict with humans (Caro 1994, Marker 1998, Nowell and Jackson 1996). As human populations change the landscape of Africa by increasing the numbers of livestock and fenced game farms throughout the cheetah’s range, addressing this conflict may become the most important fa ...
... and therefore coming into conflict with humans (Caro 1994, Marker 1998, Nowell and Jackson 1996). As human populations change the landscape of Africa by increasing the numbers of livestock and fenced game farms throughout the cheetah’s range, addressing this conflict may become the most important fa ...
Trophic promiscuity, intraguild predation and the problem of omnivores
... increases. The latter effect of resource partitioning raises an important point: the predicted effects of predator–predator interactions on pest suppression depend upon the number of pest species within the production system. For example, if there is only one pest in the cropping system, or one that ...
... increases. The latter effect of resource partitioning raises an important point: the predicted effects of predator–predator interactions on pest suppression depend upon the number of pest species within the production system. For example, if there is only one pest in the cropping system, or one that ...
The effects of foliar pubescence and nutrient polymorpha (Myrtaceae)
... Bottom-up effects also can arise from variation in resource attributes other than simply the supply of nutrients, and these may interact with nutrient levels to produce emergent impacts on insect communities. For example, the response of arthropods to fertilisation may be mediated by plant architect ...
... Bottom-up effects also can arise from variation in resource attributes other than simply the supply of nutrients, and these may interact with nutrient levels to produce emergent impacts on insect communities. For example, the response of arthropods to fertilisation may be mediated by plant architect ...
Limiting resources and the regulation of diversity in phytoplankton
... in May, before ice out, and at one main pelagic sampling station in each lake throughout the summer. Collections were made on a weekly basis from both Yellowstone and Jackson Lakes. Samples were collected every 10-12 d in Lewis Lake. Water was sampled by means of a nondestructive peristaltic pump. A ...
... in May, before ice out, and at one main pelagic sampling station in each lake throughout the summer. Collections were made on a weekly basis from both Yellowstone and Jackson Lakes. Samples were collected every 10-12 d in Lewis Lake. Water was sampled by means of a nondestructive peristaltic pump. A ...
Ch 26
... – Interactions among species, such as competition, predation, and parasitism – The always-limited availability of nutrients, energy, and space – Natural events, such as storms, fires, freezing weather, floods, and droughts ...
... – Interactions among species, such as competition, predation, and parasitism – The always-limited availability of nutrients, energy, and space – Natural events, such as storms, fires, freezing weather, floods, and droughts ...