Effects of shading on relative competitive
... plant-plant interaction has been an important issue in ecological studies since the work of Harper five decades ago (Brooker 2006). In a Sphagnum community, the individuals grow so densely that the role of plant–plant interaction may be crucial. Furthermore, Sphagnum species are ideal material for e ...
... plant-plant interaction has been an important issue in ecological studies since the work of Harper five decades ago (Brooker 2006). In a Sphagnum community, the individuals grow so densely that the role of plant–plant interaction may be crucial. Furthermore, Sphagnum species are ideal material for e ...
The Northern Rocky Mountain Gray Wolf Is Not Yet Recovered
... “validated” by a 1992 questionnaire sent to biologists asking whether 10 breeding pairs sustained for three consecutive years in a state constituted “a viable population” (EIS 1994). Once reintroduced into central Idaho and YNP in 1995– 1996, wolves expanded quickly into vast areas of federal land i ...
... “validated” by a 1992 questionnaire sent to biologists asking whether 10 breeding pairs sustained for three consecutive years in a state constituted “a viable population” (EIS 1994). Once reintroduced into central Idaho and YNP in 1995– 1996, wolves expanded quickly into vast areas of federal land i ...
Program - Florida Wildlife Society
... cytokine, predict the extent to which two passerine species can transmit West Nile virus. We have also asked whether some of the same factors are regulated differently depending on where an individual bird occurs in its non-native range. In two recent African range expansions, we have found that hou ...
... cytokine, predict the extent to which two passerine species can transmit West Nile virus. We have also asked whether some of the same factors are regulated differently depending on where an individual bird occurs in its non-native range. In two recent African range expansions, we have found that hou ...
4.0 Billion Years of Earth Environmental Change
... Just after 14,000 years ago human migrants from Asia entered the New World. They may have been the first people to set foot in North America. They are known as the Clovis people. Their sites and artifacts, including distinctive projectile points, are found over much of North America. ...
... Just after 14,000 years ago human migrants from Asia entered the New World. They may have been the first people to set foot in North America. They are known as the Clovis people. Their sites and artifacts, including distinctive projectile points, are found over much of North America. ...
Colonisation of toxic environments drives predictable lifehistory
... While this statistical approach successfully controls for differences between clades and offers an intuitive metric for comparing the relative importance of adaptation to extreme environments and clade-level differences (e.g. are life-history differences between environments within clades smaller, a ...
... While this statistical approach successfully controls for differences between clades and offers an intuitive metric for comparing the relative importance of adaptation to extreme environments and clade-level differences (e.g. are life-history differences between environments within clades smaller, a ...
Chapter 8 Restoration Strategies - Garry Oak Ecosystems Recovery
... 8.2.3 Shallow Soil Garry Oak Communities (REU #3) Shallow soil Garry Oak ecosystems comprise the largest area of Garry Oak ecosystems at present due in no small part to the fact that they were not suitable for agriculture. In addition, because this type of ecosystem can occur in obscure locations su ...
... 8.2.3 Shallow Soil Garry Oak Communities (REU #3) Shallow soil Garry Oak ecosystems comprise the largest area of Garry Oak ecosystems at present due in no small part to the fact that they were not suitable for agriculture. In addition, because this type of ecosystem can occur in obscure locations su ...
Persistence of invading gypsy moth populations in the United States
... in the environment subsequent to its arrival. Because of the role it plays in the continuity of populations, persistence is of central importance to studies in epidemiology, conservation biology, and invasion ecology (Shea 1998; Earn et al. 1998). In epidemiological and conservation biological inves ...
... in the environment subsequent to its arrival. Because of the role it plays in the continuity of populations, persistence is of central importance to studies in epidemiology, conservation biology, and invasion ecology (Shea 1998; Earn et al. 1998). In epidemiological and conservation biological inves ...
Plant-animal interactions in rainforest
... more effective than intervention which directly targets plants. Understanding and managing this cycle of reproduction, dispersal and recruitment is the focus of the present publication. Much of the concern in rainforest management has been on mitigating external threats (such as clearing, climate ch ...
... more effective than intervention which directly targets plants. Understanding and managing this cycle of reproduction, dispersal and recruitment is the focus of the present publication. Much of the concern in rainforest management has been on mitigating external threats (such as clearing, climate ch ...
Direct and Indirect Effects of Wolves on Interior
... Large carnivores may indirectly benefit small predators by suppressing competitively dominant mesopredators. However, our current understanding of interactions within the carnivore guild does not account for carrion subsidies provided by large carnivores, which could facilitate mesopredators during ...
... Large carnivores may indirectly benefit small predators by suppressing competitively dominant mesopredators. However, our current understanding of interactions within the carnivore guild does not account for carrion subsidies provided by large carnivores, which could facilitate mesopredators during ...
Critical problems for bird conservation in the Galápagos Islands
... The Floreana Mockingbird (Fig. 4) probably numbers no more than 150 individuals, and the most recent surveys revealed a sharp decline in 200616 followed by a partial recovery in 200718. It is now confined to two small islets. The accidental introduction of predators must be avoided as they could dep ...
... The Floreana Mockingbird (Fig. 4) probably numbers no more than 150 individuals, and the most recent surveys revealed a sharp decline in 200616 followed by a partial recovery in 200718. It is now confined to two small islets. The accidental introduction of predators must be avoided as they could dep ...
Wolverine (Gulo gulo), Eastern Population
... The availability of adequate food resources (e.g., caribou populations) is likely sufficient in northern Quebec and Labrador but their spatial distribution may pose problems at critical periods of the Wolverine’s life cycle. It should be noted that if recovery of the Eastern population depends on a ...
... The availability of adequate food resources (e.g., caribou populations) is likely sufficient in northern Quebec and Labrador but their spatial distribution may pose problems at critical periods of the Wolverine’s life cycle. It should be noted that if recovery of the Eastern population depends on a ...
Reprint
... computed using length (l), width (w) and depth (d) of the inflorescence and assuming an ellipsoid shape (V = 4/ 3plwd), and flower density as the ratio of the number of flowers in the inflorescence and its volume. These quantitative traits are relatively easy to assess in the field and additionally ...
... computed using length (l), width (w) and depth (d) of the inflorescence and assuming an ellipsoid shape (V = 4/ 3plwd), and flower density as the ratio of the number of flowers in the inflorescence and its volume. These quantitative traits are relatively easy to assess in the field and additionally ...
Critical problems for bird conservation in the Galápagos Islands
... The Floreana Mockingbird (Fig. 4) probably numbers no more than 150 individuals, and the most recent surveys revealed a sharp decline in 200616 followed by a partial recovery in 200718. It is now confined to two small islets. The accidental introduction of predators must be avoided as they could dep ...
... The Floreana Mockingbird (Fig. 4) probably numbers no more than 150 individuals, and the most recent surveys revealed a sharp decline in 200616 followed by a partial recovery in 200718. It is now confined to two small islets. The accidental introduction of predators must be avoided as they could dep ...
projects for 2012 - The University of Western Australia
... the Level 4 project units, you will demonstrate that you can gather, generate, distil and communicate scientific information to your peers. At the end of the year, our staff will assess your performance in comparison with others who have passed through the School, and in relation to what we can expe ...
... the Level 4 project units, you will demonstrate that you can gather, generate, distil and communicate scientific information to your peers. At the end of the year, our staff will assess your performance in comparison with others who have passed through the School, and in relation to what we can expe ...
this PDF file - Journal of Insect Biodiversity
... A Diversity of Adaptations “It is, however, in the insect world that this principle of the adaptation of animals to their environment is most fully and strikingly developed.” Alfred Russel Wallace, 1871 (p.56) ...
... A Diversity of Adaptations “It is, however, in the insect world that this principle of the adaptation of animals to their environment is most fully and strikingly developed.” Alfred Russel Wallace, 1871 (p.56) ...
Breeding and Non-breeding Survival of Lesser Prairie
... maintain the population; this excess can be removed by hunting without affecting the population. McCullough (1979) challenged this concept by arguing that it fails to include “the dynamic and compensatory nature of population responses.” ...
... maintain the population; this excess can be removed by hunting without affecting the population. McCullough (1979) challenged this concept by arguing that it fails to include “the dynamic and compensatory nature of population responses.” ...
(C) commensalism
... 6. Certain orchids and tropical ferns grow on plants without harming the plants. The host plants provide the orchids with a place of support so that they can get sufficient light and water, while they remain unaffected. C. commensalism 7. If raw fish is eaten it is possible that a small animal calle ...
... 6. Certain orchids and tropical ferns grow on plants without harming the plants. The host plants provide the orchids with a place of support so that they can get sufficient light and water, while they remain unaffected. C. commensalism 7. If raw fish is eaten it is possible that a small animal calle ...
Life 9e - Garvness
... Textbook Reference: 56.2 How Do Antagonistic Interactions Evolve? Page: 1189 Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 16. Which of the following statements about chemical defenses of prey is true? a. Prey that use chemical defenses tend to be slow-moving. b. Some predators can evolve countermeasures against ...
... Textbook Reference: 56.2 How Do Antagonistic Interactions Evolve? Page: 1189 Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 16. Which of the following statements about chemical defenses of prey is true? a. Prey that use chemical defenses tend to be slow-moving. b. Some predators can evolve countermeasures against ...
Flatworms (Schmidtea nova) prey upon embryos of the common frog
... We used R software (R Core Team, 2014) and lme4 package (Bates et al., 2014) to perform a mixed effects model analysis of the effect of planaria presence on embryo development, the response variable. We considered treatment as a fixed effect with three levels (NP, CP, and FP) and to account for inte ...
... We used R software (R Core Team, 2014) and lme4 package (Bates et al., 2014) to perform a mixed effects model analysis of the effect of planaria presence on embryo development, the response variable. We considered treatment as a fixed effect with three levels (NP, CP, and FP) and to account for inte ...
Herbivores, the Functional Diversity of Plants
... observations and experiments have shown that consumers feed selectively (i.e., in a cafeteria) and that consumer choice is made on the same chemical basis that determines decomposition rates. Plants that are preferred food sources often have higher nutrient content, higher growth rates, and faster d ...
... observations and experiments have shown that consumers feed selectively (i.e., in a cafeteria) and that consumer choice is made on the same chemical basis that determines decomposition rates. Plants that are preferred food sources often have higher nutrient content, higher growth rates, and faster d ...
FD is a package
... FD between two or more communities through a distance-based test for homogeneity of multivariate dispersions (Anderson 2006); see betadisper for more details. Functional group richness (FGR) is based on the classification of the species by the user from visual inspection of a dengrogram. Method "kme ...
... FD between two or more communities through a distance-based test for homogeneity of multivariate dispersions (Anderson 2006); see betadisper for more details. Functional group richness (FGR) is based on the classification of the species by the user from visual inspection of a dengrogram. Method "kme ...
Adaptation strategy for climate-proofing biodiversity
... Adaptation strategy for climate-proofing biodiversity Adaptation strategy for climate-proofing biodiversity Over the last few decades the Netherlands has become warmer and wetter, with more extreme rainfall events. Climate scenarios indicate that these trends will continue, but the magnitude and rat ...
... Adaptation strategy for climate-proofing biodiversity Adaptation strategy for climate-proofing biodiversity Over the last few decades the Netherlands has become warmer and wetter, with more extreme rainfall events. Climate scenarios indicate that these trends will continue, but the magnitude and rat ...
Theoretical ecology
Theoretical ecology is the scientific discipline devoted to the study of ecological systems using theoretical methods such as simple conceptual models, mathematical models, computational simulations, and advanced data analysis. Effective models improve understanding of the natural world by revealing how the dynamics of species populations are often based on fundamental biological conditions and processes. Further, the field aims to unify a diverse range of empirical observations by assuming that common, mechanistic processes generate observable phenomena across species and ecological environments. Based on biologically realistic assumptions, theoretical ecologists are able to uncover novel, non-intuitive insights about natural processes. Theoretical results are often verified by empirical and observational studies, revealing the power of theoretical methods in both predicting and understanding the noisy, diverse biological world.The field is broad and includes foundations in applied mathematics, computer science, biology, statistical physics, genetics, chemistry, evolution, and conservation biology. Theoretical ecology aims to explain a diverse range of phenomena in the life sciences, such as population growth and dynamics, fisheries, competition, evolutionary theory, epidemiology, animal behavior and group dynamics, food webs, ecosystems, spatial ecology, and the effects of climate change.Theoretical ecology has further benefited from the advent of fast computing power, allowing the analysis and visualization of large-scale computational simulations of ecological phenomena. Importantly, these modern tools provide quantitative predictions about the effects of human induced environmental change on a diverse variety of ecological phenomena, such as: species invasions, climate change, the effect of fishing and hunting on food network stability, and the global carbon cycle.