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Microbiology 201
Microbiology 201

... the primary decomposers - yielding CO2 which plants convert into carbohydrates. B. SULFUR CYCLE Methinine and cysteine in proteins have sulfur. When the proteins in dead plants and animals is decomposed by bacteria, the proteins are hydrolyzed to amino acids which are further broken down to release ...
Chapter 25 Chapter Topics Fatty Acid Biosynthesis
Chapter 25 Chapter Topics Fatty Acid Biosynthesis

... • Low doses of aspirin preferentially knock out platelets COX, because endothelium cells can make more. • Therefore low doses of aspirin recommended to lower tendency for clot formation. ...
Chap 6 PP
Chap 6 PP

... Enzymes • Many activities in living things are controlled by metabolic pathways, in which a series of reactions is undertaken in sequence, each facilitated by its own enzyme. • In such a series, the product of one reaction becomes the substrate for the next. ...
enzymes - UniMAP Portal
enzymes - UniMAP Portal

... 6. Application in Industry and medicine ...
Glucose
Glucose

... Any condition in which the plasma glucose concentration falls below the lower limits of normal by greater than 2 standard deviations (below 60 mg/dL) is called hypoglycemia. Since the brain is dependent upon an adequate supply of glucose for its energy, the clinical symptoms of hypoglycemia resemble ...
Membrane Transport - Bioenergetics and Cell Metabolism
Membrane Transport - Bioenergetics and Cell Metabolism

... Sphingosine may be reversibly phosphorylated to produce the signal molecule sphingosine-1phosphate. ...
Chemical Formulas and Chemical Compounds
Chemical Formulas and Chemical Compounds

... 7. Refer to Table 2 on page 226 of the text and Table 5 on page 230 of the text for examples of names and formulas for polyatomic ions and acids. a. Derive a generalization for determining whether an acid name will end in the suffix -ic or -ous. In general, if the anion name ends in -ate, the corres ...
The Electronic Representation of Chemical Structures: beyond the
The Electronic Representation of Chemical Structures: beyond the

... • The structure is defined as a table of atom types and bond types that connect to the atom • Each atom and bond is given an arbitrary number in a series • Relative coordinates for each atom are usually included • Molfile is the most common type – SDfile is an extension of the molfile ...
Replacement Matrices for Transmembrane Proteins
Replacement Matrices for Transmembrane Proteins

... The prior probability p(zm ) of the root is often assumed to be the equilibrium frequency of zm (i.e. πzm )[7]. If z is not the root but instead represents the last common ancestor of x and y on some larger tree, p(z) is then conditional on the state of some more ancient ancestor and the branch leng ...
Predicting the Secondary Structure of Globular Proteins Using
Predicting the Secondary Structure of Globular Proteins Using

... diagon plots for all pairs of proteins (Staden, 1982). One of our 2 testing sets, listed in Table 2A, had practically no homologies in the training set. (a-Lytic protease in the testing set has very weak homologies with proteinase A in the training set but was included in the testing set to balance ...
Chapter 23 Gluconeogenesis Gluconeogenesis, con`t.
Chapter 23 Gluconeogenesis Gluconeogenesis, con`t.

... • Substrates include anything that can be converted to phosphoenolpyruvate . • Many of the reactions are the same as those in glycolysis. • All glycolytic reactions which are near equilibrium can operate in both directions. ...
1C - Edexcel
1C - Edexcel

... (d) Equation 1 represents a reaction using cobalt(II) chloride that can be used to show a liquid contains water. Equation 1 ...
PowerPoint
PowerPoint

... CASP – Critical Assessment of Structure Prediction CAFASP – Critical Assessment of Fully Automated Structure Prediction Targets: unpublished NMR or X-ray structures Goal: predict target 3d structure and submit it for independent and comparative review ...
3.1 - Weathering Define mechanical and chemical weathering
3.1 - Weathering Define mechanical and chemical weathering

... http://www.northland.cc.mn.us/biology/Biology1111/animations/diss olve.html ...
Week #14: Polymers
Week #14: Polymers

... hydrogen chloride (HCl). These monomers have 2 or more reactive functional groups. Most condensation polymers are copolymers. Dacron is a condensation polymer. ...
Build a Better Body with BCAA`s(Branched Chain Amino Acids)
Build a Better Body with BCAA`s(Branched Chain Amino Acids)

... people who want to pack on muscle. And, there's evidence they all work. However, BCAA's play an equally important role in maximizing muscle gains. BCAA's work primarily by preventing muscle breakdown in the recovery period after exercise 1,2. After a bout of resistance training, muscle protein synth ...
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... Fe2+(aq) + Cr2O72-(aq)  Fe3+(aq) + Cr3+(aq) Step 1: Separate the equation into its two component parts (a reduction and an oxidation). ...
Assay of the Multiple Energy-Producing Pathways of Mammalian Cells
Assay of the Multiple Energy-Producing Pathways of Mammalian Cells

... To study further the mechanistic aspects of this dye-reduction assay, we tested HepG2/C3A cells in PM-M1 panels with varying concentrations of the mitochondrial inhibitors carbonyl cyanide-ptrifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP) and rotenone. Even at low concentrations, these inhibitors completely b ...
Identification of Two Antiparallel-sheet Structure of Cobrotoxin in
Identification of Two Antiparallel-sheet Structure of Cobrotoxin in

... been proposed which is essential for both conformational stability and neurotoxicity (3). To elucidate the chain conformation and roles of amino acid residues of cobrotoxin in solution, nuclear magnetic resonance spectra have to be analyzed. High field 'HNMR spectroscopy is one of the most powerful ...
Nitrogen-Cycle
Nitrogen-Cycle

... Animals obtain nitrogen by eating plants or plant-eating animals. ...
Glycosides
Glycosides

... Glycosides • more important in medicine than a lot of drugs • occur in higher plant tissues in very small amounts • also fungal and bacterial cells (exuded in medium) and animals • formed by a biochemical reaction that makes a water insoluble compound more polar than a water soluble molecule • henc ...
chemistry
chemistry

In Silico Analysis: Annotations about Structural and Functional
In Silico Analysis: Annotations about Structural and Functional

... Domains of unknown functions (DUFs) are a big set of protein families within the Pfam database that includes proteins of unknown function. In the absence of functional information, proteins are classified into different families based on conserved amino acid sequences and are potentially functionall ...
Packet #7- Chemical Reactions
Packet #7- Chemical Reactions

... New substances are formed by chemical reactions. When elements react together to form compounds their atoms join to other atoms using chemical bonds. For example, iron and sulfur react together to form a compound called iron sulfide. Compounds usually have different properties from the elements they ...
malt - CSU, Chico
malt - CSU, Chico

... farm in trucks. Mycotoxin analysis is performed to determine contamination levels. Most maltsters will not accept barley with over 2 ppm fusarium toxins. ...
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Biochemistry



Biochemistry, sometimes called biological chemistry, is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms. By controlling information flow through biochemical signaling and the flow of chemical energy through metabolism, biochemical processes give rise to the complexity of life. Over the last decades of the 20th century, biochemistry has become so successful at explaining living processes that now almost all areas of the life sciences from botany to medicine to genetics are engaged in biochemical research. Today, the main focus of pure biochemistry is in understanding how biological molecules give rise to the processes that occur within living cells, which in turn relates greatly to the study and understanding of whole organisms.Biochemistry is closely related to molecular biology, the study of the molecular mechanisms by which genetic information encoded in DNA is able to result in the processes of life. Depending on the exact definition of the terms used, molecular biology can be thought of as a branch of biochemistry, or biochemistry as a tool with which to investigate and study molecular biology.Much of biochemistry deals with the structures, functions and interactions of biological macromolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids, which provide the structure of cells and perform many of the functions associated with life. The chemistry of the cell also depends on the reactions of smaller molecules and ions. These can be inorganic, for example water and metal ions, or organic, for example the amino acids which are used to synthesize proteins. The mechanisms by which cells harness energy from their environment via chemical reactions are known as metabolism. The findings of biochemistry are applied primarily in medicine, nutrition, and agriculture. In medicine, biochemists investigate the causes and cures of disease. In nutrition, they study how to maintain health and study the effects of nutritional deficiencies. In agriculture, biochemists investigate soil and fertilizers, and try to discover ways to improve crop cultivation, crop storage and pest control.
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