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... tumors that demonstrate considerable heterogeneity. There are circumstances when 500 samples of a tumor type or subtype may be impractical (such as a rare cancer) or unnecessary (such as a tumor subtype that is known to be relatively homogeneous, based on pre-existing molecular studies). ICGC member ...
... tumors that demonstrate considerable heterogeneity. There are circumstances when 500 samples of a tumor type or subtype may be impractical (such as a rare cancer) or unnecessary (such as a tumor subtype that is known to be relatively homogeneous, based on pre-existing molecular studies). ICGC member ...
Changes in DNA can produce variation
... No effect – Some amino acids have more than one code and may not change resulting protein – May have enough protein being produced ...
... No effect – Some amino acids have more than one code and may not change resulting protein – May have enough protein being produced ...
DNA Mismatch Repair in Endometrial Cancers
... consequence of defective DNA mismatch repair in endometrial cancer • Identify biologically and clinically important questions that should be a priority for future studies ...
... consequence of defective DNA mismatch repair in endometrial cancer • Identify biologically and clinically important questions that should be a priority for future studies ...
STOP DISEASES!!!
... by a pathologist. This tissue is obtained by biopsy or surgery. Most cancers can be treated and some cured, depending on the specific type, location, and stage. Once diagnosed, cancer is usually treated with a combination of surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. As research develops, treatments ar ...
... by a pathologist. This tissue is obtained by biopsy or surgery. Most cancers can be treated and some cured, depending on the specific type, location, and stage. Once diagnosed, cancer is usually treated with a combination of surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. As research develops, treatments ar ...
Themes and challenges in mathematics of cancer.
... division. Duplication is not 100% accurate and has a small error rate for inserting the wrong base of about 1 error in 1010 replications per base in mammals []; so on average there are 0.3 errors per duplication, errors that will normally not have consequences. This small error rate when passed thro ...
... division. Duplication is not 100% accurate and has a small error rate for inserting the wrong base of about 1 error in 1010 replications per base in mammals []; so on average there are 0.3 errors per duplication, errors that will normally not have consequences. This small error rate when passed thro ...
Silencing The
... chemotherapy-resistant prostate tumors have very different epigenetic signatures. “If we can classify patients according to their particular epigenetic subtype, we may be able to predict how they’ll respond to therapy,” says Dr. Melnick. “The ultimate goal is to tailor cancer therapy so that each pa ...
... chemotherapy-resistant prostate tumors have very different epigenetic signatures. “If we can classify patients according to their particular epigenetic subtype, we may be able to predict how they’ll respond to therapy,” says Dr. Melnick. “The ultimate goal is to tailor cancer therapy so that each pa ...
Chapter Notes
... Genes… - are found on chromosomes. - small segments of DNA located at specific places on a chromosome. - store information needed to produce proteins used by body cells. - Think of the chromosome as a train then the genes would be the cars that make up the train. Genes can vary in length from hundr ...
... Genes… - are found on chromosomes. - small segments of DNA located at specific places on a chromosome. - store information needed to produce proteins used by body cells. - Think of the chromosome as a train then the genes would be the cars that make up the train. Genes can vary in length from hundr ...
8 7 Mutations
... Mutations are changes in DNA that may or may not affect phenotype!!! Whoa, what’s THAT? It’s “how something looks” or its PHYSICAL appearance. Don’t freak out…we’ll learn more about this next week…genetics! ...
... Mutations are changes in DNA that may or may not affect phenotype!!! Whoa, what’s THAT? It’s “how something looks” or its PHYSICAL appearance. Don’t freak out…we’ll learn more about this next week…genetics! ...
The nucleus contains an information-rich
... Please SCAN documents properly and upload them to Archie. Avoid taking photographs of or uploading dark, washed out, side ways, or upside down homework. Please use the scanner in the school’s media lab if one is not at your disposal and keep completed guides organized in your binder to use as study ...
... Please SCAN documents properly and upload them to Archie. Avoid taking photographs of or uploading dark, washed out, side ways, or upside down homework. Please use the scanner in the school’s media lab if one is not at your disposal and keep completed guides organized in your binder to use as study ...
oncogenes
... Further examples of oncogenes Genes for growth factors or their receptors PDGF Codes for platelet-derived growth factor. Involved in glioma (brain cancer) erb-B Codes for the receptor for epidermal growth factor. Involved in glioblastoma (brain cancer) and breast cancer erb-B2 Also called HER-2 or n ...
... Further examples of oncogenes Genes for growth factors or their receptors PDGF Codes for platelet-derived growth factor. Involved in glioma (brain cancer) erb-B Codes for the receptor for epidermal growth factor. Involved in glioblastoma (brain cancer) and breast cancer erb-B2 Also called HER-2 or n ...
DRAFT Programme 20th April: Thurs morning
... 10.20 Sounak Sahu (University of Oxford) A robust DNA damage response ensures genome stability in potentially immortal planarian stem cells 11.00 Tbc 11.45 – 1.30 lunch posters networking Translating Research for Cancer therapy: 1.30 Rebecca Fitzgerald (MRC Cancer Unit Cambridge) The molecular chara ...
... 10.20 Sounak Sahu (University of Oxford) A robust DNA damage response ensures genome stability in potentially immortal planarian stem cells 11.00 Tbc 11.45 – 1.30 lunch posters networking Translating Research for Cancer therapy: 1.30 Rebecca Fitzgerald (MRC Cancer Unit Cambridge) The molecular chara ...
Mutations
... • If a mutation happens in the sex cell the mutation might be passed onto an offspring • If a mutation happens in a body cell, like a skin cell, it will not be passed on • A mutation is harmful if it reduces the organisms chance for survival and reproduction • A mutation is helpful if it improves an ...
... • If a mutation happens in the sex cell the mutation might be passed onto an offspring • If a mutation happens in a body cell, like a skin cell, it will not be passed on • A mutation is harmful if it reduces the organisms chance for survival and reproduction • A mutation is helpful if it improves an ...
Gene Section GSDMA (gasdermin A) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics
... apoptosis induction in pit cells of the gastric epithelium. Signaling from TGF-beta receptor up-regulates LMO1, a transcription factor. LMO1 binds to the promoter of GSDMA gene and enhances its expression, that results in the apoptosis induction in the pit cells. ...
... apoptosis induction in pit cells of the gastric epithelium. Signaling from TGF-beta receptor up-regulates LMO1, a transcription factor. LMO1 binds to the promoter of GSDMA gene and enhances its expression, that results in the apoptosis induction in the pit cells. ...
Gene Section WNK2 (WNK lysine deficient protein kinase 2)
... led to increased phospho-ERK1/2 levels when a basal ERK stimulation was present but not, for example, in serum-free culture conditions (Moniz et al., 2007). This increase in ERK1/2 activation promoted cell cycle progression through G1/S and sensitized cells to respond to lower concentrations of EGF. ...
... led to increased phospho-ERK1/2 levels when a basal ERK stimulation was present but not, for example, in serum-free culture conditions (Moniz et al., 2007). This increase in ERK1/2 activation promoted cell cycle progression through G1/S and sensitized cells to respond to lower concentrations of EGF. ...
Introduction Lecture The Biology of Cancer
... • DNA tumor viruses activate the cell’s DNA replication machinery as part of their survival • Viral DNA fails to replicate and becomes incorporated into the host’s genome • If the viral gene that activates the host’s machinery for DNA replication is transcribed, this gene can act as an oncogene ...
... • DNA tumor viruses activate the cell’s DNA replication machinery as part of their survival • Viral DNA fails to replicate and becomes incorporated into the host’s genome • If the viral gene that activates the host’s machinery for DNA replication is transcribed, this gene can act as an oncogene ...
Gene Section MIR30A (microRNA 30a) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics
... ribonuclease III enzyme to produce an approximately 70-nt stem-loop precursor miRNA (pre-miRNA), which is further cleaved by the cytoplasmic Dicer ribonuclease to generate the mature miRNA. Pre-miR Length: 71 bases. ...
... ribonuclease III enzyme to produce an approximately 70-nt stem-loop precursor miRNA (pre-miRNA), which is further cleaved by the cytoplasmic Dicer ribonuclease to generate the mature miRNA. Pre-miR Length: 71 bases. ...
Transposons_&_DNA_Mutations
... Genetic characteristics of a population can change over time – “Evolution” ...
... Genetic characteristics of a population can change over time – “Evolution” ...
Oncogenomics
Oncogenomics is a relatively new sub-field of genomics that applies high throughput technologies to characterize genes associated with cancer. Oncogenomics is synonymous with ""cancer genomics"". Cancer is a genetic disease caused by accumulation of mutations to DNA leading to unrestrained cell proliferation and neoplasm formation. The goal of oncogenomics is to identify new oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes that may provide new insights into cancer diagnosis, predicting clinical outcome of cancers, and new targets for cancer therapies. The success of targeted cancer therapies such as Gleevec, Herceptin, and Avastin raised the hope for oncogenomics to elucidate new targets for cancer treatment.Besides understanding the underlying genetic mechanisms that initiates or drives cancer progression, one of the main goals of oncogenomics is to allow for the development of personalized cancer treatment. Cancer develops due to an accumulation of mutations in DNA. These mutations accumulate randomly, and thus, different DNA mutations and mutation combinations exist between different individuals with the same type of cancer. Thus, identifying and targeting specific mutations which have occurred in an individual patient may lead to increased efficacy of cancer therapy.The completion of the Human Genome Project has greatly facilitated the field of oncogenomics and has increased the abilities of researchers to find cancer causing genes. In addition, the sequencing technologies now available for sequence generation and data analysis have been applied to the study of oncogenomics. With the amount of research conducted on cancer genomes and the accumulation of databases documenting the mutational changes, it has been predicted that the most important cancer-causing mutations, rearrangements, and altered expression levels will be cataloged and well characterized within the next decade.Cancer research may look either on the genomic level at DNA mutations, the epigenetic level at methylation or histone modification changes, the transcription level at altered levels of gene expression, or the protein level at altered levels of protein abundance and function in cancer cells. Oncogenomics focuses on the genomic, epigenomic, and transcript level alterations in cancer.