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TEK 6C
TEK 6C

... Biology 6C Variation among organisms ...
Mutations
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... Some mutations may improve an organism’s survival (beneficial) ...
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... Mutations in gametes will be passed to the offspring. Types of mutations 1. Point mutations—a change in a single base of a DNA chain. This results in a different “message.” Example: normal sequence  THE DOG BIT THE CAT mutation  THE DOG BIT THE CAR Sense mutation: the changed codon makes a differe ...
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... • As railroads and development swept through, the blue Fugates started moving out of Troublesome Creek and marrying other people • The inherited blue began to disappear as the recessive gene spread to families where it is unlikely to be paired to a similar gene ...
Section 11.3
Section 11.3

... Any change in the DNA sequence that also changes the protein it codes for. ...
MUTATIONS • Mutations are errors made in the DNA sequence that
MUTATIONS • Mutations are errors made in the DNA sequence that

... nonsense mutation  involves a change in the DNA sequence that causes a stop codon to replace a codon for an aa; only the part of the protein prior to the stop codon will be produced.  they are often lethal to the cell. ...
Mutations
Mutations

... ...
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Frameshift mutation



A frameshift mutation (also called a framing error or a reading frame shift) is a genetic mutation caused by indels (insertions or deletions) of a number of nucleotides in a DNA sequence that is not divisible by three. Due to the triplet nature of gene expression by codons, the insertion or deletion can change the reading frame (the grouping of the codons), resulting in a completely different translation from the original. The earlier in the sequence the deletion or insertion occurs, the more altered the protein. A frameshift mutation is not the same as a single-nucleotide polymorphism in which a nucleotide is replaced, rather than inserted or deleted. A frameshift mutation will in general cause the reading of the codons after the mutation to code for different amino acids. The frameshift mutation will also alter the first stop codon (""UAA"", ""UGA"" or ""UAG"") encountered in the sequence. The polypeptide being created could be abnormally short or abnormally long, and will most likely not be functional.Frameshift mutations are apparent in severe genetic diseases such as Tay-Sachs disease and Cystic Fibrosis; they increase susceptibility to certain cancers and classes of familial hypercholesterolaemia; in 1997, a frameshift mutation was linked to resistance to infection by the HIV retrovirus. Frameshift mutations have been proposed as a source of biological novelty, as with the alleged creation of nylonase, however, this interpretation is controversial. A study by Negoro et al (2006) found that a frameshift mutation was unlikely to have been the cause and that rather a two amino acid substitution in the catalytic cleft of an ancestral esterase amplified Ald-hydrolytic activity.
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