Exam 2
... 5. The F-plasmid can be stabily maintained in both Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli. However, Hfr’s are formed much less frequently in S. typhimurium than in E. coli. In addition, there are many fewer insertion sites in S. typhimurium compared to E. coli. Given what you know about how Hfr ...
... 5. The F-plasmid can be stabily maintained in both Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli. However, Hfr’s are formed much less frequently in S. typhimurium than in E. coli. In addition, there are many fewer insertion sites in S. typhimurium compared to E. coli. Given what you know about how Hfr ...
Cutting Edge: DNA Polymerases and Are Dispensable for Ig Gene
... whose contribution is crucial to diversify the third complementarity-determining region of Ig and TCR genes during V(D)J rearrangement; 2) despite a ubiquitous expression, a higher level of transcription in lymphoid tissues, in particular B cells from tonsils, but also, and obviously not in favor of ...
... whose contribution is crucial to diversify the third complementarity-determining region of Ig and TCR genes during V(D)J rearrangement; 2) despite a ubiquitous expression, a higher level of transcription in lymphoid tissues, in particular B cells from tonsils, but also, and obviously not in favor of ...
A Tn 10-lacZ-kanR-URA3 Gene Fusion Transposon for Insertion Mutagenesis and Fusion Analysis of Yeast and Bacterial Genes.
... for URA3 in the available constructs. The mini-Tn 10-LUK system has several important advantages. (1) Transposition events occur in Escherichia coli at high frequency and into many different sites in yeast DNA. It is easy to obtain enough insertions to sensitively define the functional limits of a g ...
... for URA3 in the available constructs. The mini-Tn 10-LUK system has several important advantages. (1) Transposition events occur in Escherichia coli at high frequency and into many different sites in yeast DNA. It is easy to obtain enough insertions to sensitively define the functional limits of a g ...
Damage Control: The Pleiotropy of DNA Repair Genes
... mus mutants also exhibited severe defects in mitotic chromosome behavior (Baker et al. 1978; Gatti et al. 1980). These findings led to the now widely held view that genes defined by repair-defective mutations are less likely to define functions specifically involved in the repair of mutagen-induced ...
... mus mutants also exhibited severe defects in mitotic chromosome behavior (Baker et al. 1978; Gatti et al. 1980). These findings led to the now widely held view that genes defined by repair-defective mutations are less likely to define functions specifically involved in the repair of mutagen-induced ...
Molecular dissection of the potato virus Y VPg virulence factor
... differences in their relative accumulation could be revealed in semi-quantitative DAS-ELISA (Ayme et al., 2006; data not shown). These 17 mutants were tested for their virulence towards the four pepper genotypes (Table 2). Since these pepper genotypes essentially differ by their allele at the pvr2 l ...
... differences in their relative accumulation could be revealed in semi-quantitative DAS-ELISA (Ayme et al., 2006; data not shown). These 17 mutants were tested for their virulence towards the four pepper genotypes (Table 2). Since these pepper genotypes essentially differ by their allele at the pvr2 l ...
Genetic Diseases - Noadswood Science
... affected by cystic fibrosis. The quality of life for people with cystic fibrosis is much better than in earlier times, due to improved treatment and understanding of this inherited disease. Children born with cystic fibrosis do not have a normal life expectancy, although this is improving all the ti ...
... affected by cystic fibrosis. The quality of life for people with cystic fibrosis is much better than in earlier times, due to improved treatment and understanding of this inherited disease. Children born with cystic fibrosis do not have a normal life expectancy, although this is improving all the ti ...
Tracking bacterial DNA replication forks in vivo by pulsed field gel
... acids. The dnaAls mutation is a mutation that affects DNA initiation (3). A temperature shift to the non-permissive temperature followed by a shift back to the permissive temperature aligns DNA replication forks at oriC. Since de novo protein synthesis is required for initiation of each new round of ...
... acids. The dnaAls mutation is a mutation that affects DNA initiation (3). A temperature shift to the non-permissive temperature followed by a shift back to the permissive temperature aligns DNA replication forks at oriC. Since de novo protein synthesis is required for initiation of each new round of ...
An evolutionary relationship between genetic variation and
... the distribution of genotype a, instead of regarding it as a given parameter. Through the evolutionary process, the dominant genotype a changes, and the dominant phenotype x0 ðaÞ also changes accordingly. Now, to consider the evolution both with regards to the distribution of phenotype and genotype, ...
... the distribution of genotype a, instead of regarding it as a given parameter. Through the evolutionary process, the dominant genotype a changes, and the dominant phenotype x0 ðaÞ also changes accordingly. Now, to consider the evolution both with regards to the distribution of phenotype and genotype, ...
Dia 1 - BeSHG
... Geert Mortier, MD, PhD – Center for Medical Genetics – Ghent University Hospital ...
... Geert Mortier, MD, PhD – Center for Medical Genetics – Ghent University Hospital ...
Adaptation from standing genetic variation
... There is a strong fixation bias against recessive mutations when adaptation occurs from new mutations because they experience weak selection when rare, a process known as Haldane’s sieve [20–22]. However, the effect vanishes when adaptation occurs from standing variation [18,19]. This happens becaus ...
... There is a strong fixation bias against recessive mutations when adaptation occurs from new mutations because they experience weak selection when rare, a process known as Haldane’s sieve [20–22]. However, the effect vanishes when adaptation occurs from standing variation [18,19]. This happens becaus ...
Homologous Recombination Between Episomal Plasmids and Chromosomes in Yeast.
... mitotic recombination between closely linked markers. This result was reproduced in the mitotic crosses in Table 3, where factors of increase of more than tenfold relative to the spontaneous rate were found. However, the stimulation of recombination between plasmid and chromosome by the same doses o ...
... mitotic recombination between closely linked markers. This result was reproduced in the mitotic crosses in Table 3, where factors of increase of more than tenfold relative to the spontaneous rate were found. However, the stimulation of recombination between plasmid and chromosome by the same doses o ...
W0=2, a stable aneuploid derivative of Candida
... unequal crossing over in the ribosomal DNA repeats, new chromosomal bands frequently appear in both the large and the small size ranges. Many of these are due to translocations (Thrash-Bingham & Gorman, 1992), but whether there are also deletions leading to aneuploid regions of the genome is not kno ...
... unequal crossing over in the ribosomal DNA repeats, new chromosomal bands frequently appear in both the large and the small size ranges. Many of these are due to translocations (Thrash-Bingham & Gorman, 1992), but whether there are also deletions leading to aneuploid regions of the genome is not kno ...
In a recent article in the New England Journal of Medicine(1), it was
... Diagnostics Laboratory, IRRP, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos” *Corresponding author ...
... Diagnostics Laboratory, IRRP, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos” *Corresponding author ...
Recurrence time statistics: Versatile tools for genomic DNA
... software tools such as FASTA [28, 29] and BLAST [30–33]. Although these tools have been routinely used in many different types of researches, finding biologically significant information with these tools is far from trivial, for the following reasons: i) The results of sequence alignment and databas ...
... software tools such as FASTA [28, 29] and BLAST [30–33]. Although these tools have been routinely used in many different types of researches, finding biologically significant information with these tools is far from trivial, for the following reasons: i) The results of sequence alignment and databas ...
Document
... Total refractory period of nodal sodium channels after inactivation is ~ 5 msec. Therefore, by the time sodium channels return to rest after an action potential, the spike has propagated 25 cm away (which is terminated in most cases) Potassium channel inhibition in mature myelinated fibers does not ...
... Total refractory period of nodal sodium channels after inactivation is ~ 5 msec. Therefore, by the time sodium channels return to rest after an action potential, the spike has propagated 25 cm away (which is terminated in most cases) Potassium channel inhibition in mature myelinated fibers does not ...
Applicability of Yeast Genetics to Neurologic Disease
... at 30°C, but not at 37°C (restrictive temperature) (Figure 3). The terminal phenotype after shift to the restrictive temperature may be informative. For example, yeast defective in DNA replication arrest before mitosis as large budded cells. Conditional alleles are also used to isolate suppressors ( ...
... at 30°C, but not at 37°C (restrictive temperature) (Figure 3). The terminal phenotype after shift to the restrictive temperature may be informative. For example, yeast defective in DNA replication arrest before mitosis as large budded cells. Conditional alleles are also used to isolate suppressors ( ...
Quality control gone wrong: mitochondria, lysosomal storage
... The eukaryotic cell possesses specialized pathways to turn over and degrade redundant proteins and organelles. Each pathway is unique and responsible for degradation of distinctive cytosolic material. The ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy (chaperone-mediated, macro, micro and organelle speci ...
... The eukaryotic cell possesses specialized pathways to turn over and degrade redundant proteins and organelles. Each pathway is unique and responsible for degradation of distinctive cytosolic material. The ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy (chaperone-mediated, macro, micro and organelle speci ...
Directed Evolution of Polymerases To Accept Nucleotides with
... Figure 3. Compartmentalized self-replication (CSR) experiments start with the creation of a library of genes encoding variants of a polymerase (a). Here, we show the two variant genes (red and blue). The actual experiment contains ca. 50 × 106 E. coli cells each potentially carrying a different varia ...
... Figure 3. Compartmentalized self-replication (CSR) experiments start with the creation of a library of genes encoding variants of a polymerase (a). Here, we show the two variant genes (red and blue). The actual experiment contains ca. 50 × 106 E. coli cells each potentially carrying a different varia ...
Ribosome stalls at trp codons, allowing 2+3 pairing Transcription
... Enzymes acting in pathway to produce tryptophan. Gene order correlates with order of reactions in pathway. Premature termination of transcription when trp levels are high ...
... Enzymes acting in pathway to produce tryptophan. Gene order correlates with order of reactions in pathway. Premature termination of transcription when trp levels are high ...
Transition Bias
... – they are more likely synonymous in protein-coding sequences than transversions – they are less likely to disrupt RNA secondary structure than transversions. ...
... – they are more likely synonymous in protein-coding sequences than transversions – they are less likely to disrupt RNA secondary structure than transversions. ...
Genetic Algorithms: A Tutorial
... solution It has been found that by introducing “sex” into the algorithm better results are obtained This is done by selecting two parents during reproduction and combining their genes to produce offspring ...
... solution It has been found that by introducing “sex” into the algorithm better results are obtained This is done by selecting two parents during reproduction and combining their genes to produce offspring ...
Inferences About the Distribution of Dominance
... that this relationship is qualitatively similar for all functional types of proteins, although mutations of structural proteins appeared to have higher dominance for a given s than other functional types. In this article, we revisit the issue of the joint distribution of selection coefficient and do ...
... that this relationship is qualitatively similar for all functional types of proteins, although mutations of structural proteins appeared to have higher dominance for a given s than other functional types. In this article, we revisit the issue of the joint distribution of selection coefficient and do ...
HMMs for gene predictions.
... • Parameters are empirically determined by examining a “large” set of example genes • This is not perfect – Genes sometimes have unusual codons for a reason – The predictive power is dependent on length of sequence ...
... • Parameters are empirically determined by examining a “large” set of example genes • This is not perfect – Genes sometimes have unusual codons for a reason – The predictive power is dependent on length of sequence ...
The TP53 Gene, Tobacco Exposure, and Lung Cancer
... having a high frequency (36%) compared to female never-smokers (11%) (Fig. 1) and the odds ratios were 6.77 (95% CI, 2.94–15.6, Po0.0001) for control 1 and 3.57 (95% CI, 1.61–7.94, P=0.001 ) for control 2. Similarly the GT:GA ratios between female smokers (1.5) and never-smokers (0.23) were highly d ...
... having a high frequency (36%) compared to female never-smokers (11%) (Fig. 1) and the odds ratios were 6.77 (95% CI, 2.94–15.6, Po0.0001) for control 1 and 3.57 (95% CI, 1.61–7.94, P=0.001 ) for control 2. Similarly the GT:GA ratios between female smokers (1.5) and never-smokers (0.23) were highly d ...
Frameshift mutation
A frameshift mutation (also called a framing error or a reading frame shift) is a genetic mutation caused by indels (insertions or deletions) of a number of nucleotides in a DNA sequence that is not divisible by three. Due to the triplet nature of gene expression by codons, the insertion or deletion can change the reading frame (the grouping of the codons), resulting in a completely different translation from the original. The earlier in the sequence the deletion or insertion occurs, the more altered the protein. A frameshift mutation is not the same as a single-nucleotide polymorphism in which a nucleotide is replaced, rather than inserted or deleted. A frameshift mutation will in general cause the reading of the codons after the mutation to code for different amino acids. The frameshift mutation will also alter the first stop codon (""UAA"", ""UGA"" or ""UAG"") encountered in the sequence. The polypeptide being created could be abnormally short or abnormally long, and will most likely not be functional.Frameshift mutations are apparent in severe genetic diseases such as Tay-Sachs disease and Cystic Fibrosis; they increase susceptibility to certain cancers and classes of familial hypercholesterolaemia; in 1997, a frameshift mutation was linked to resistance to infection by the HIV retrovirus. Frameshift mutations have been proposed as a source of biological novelty, as with the alleged creation of nylonase, however, this interpretation is controversial. A study by Negoro et al (2006) found that a frameshift mutation was unlikely to have been the cause and that rather a two amino acid substitution in the catalytic cleft of an ancestral esterase amplified Ald-hydrolytic activity.