Effective field theory methods applied to the 2-body
... h̄µν + ηµν ∂ρ ∂σ h̄ρσ − ∂µ ∂ρ h̄ν − ∂ν ∂ρ h̄µ = −16πGN Tµν ...
... h̄µν + ηµν ∂ρ ∂σ h̄ρσ − ∂µ ∂ρ h̄ν − ∂ν ∂ρ h̄µ = −16πGN Tµν ...
Lecture Notes on General Relativity
... is some fixed conversion factor between space and time; that is, a fixed velocity. Of course it will turn out to be the speed of light; the important thing, however, is not that photons happen to travel at that speed, but that there exists a c such that the spacetime interval is invariant under chan ...
... is some fixed conversion factor between space and time; that is, a fixed velocity. Of course it will turn out to be the speed of light; the important thing, however, is not that photons happen to travel at that speed, but that there exists a c such that the spacetime interval is invariant under chan ...
Lecture Notes on General Relativity
... is some fixed conversion factor between space and time; that is, a fixed velocity. Of course it will turn out to be the speed of light; the important thing, however, is not that photons happen to travel at that speed, but that there exists a c such that the spacetime interval is invariant under chan ...
... is some fixed conversion factor between space and time; that is, a fixed velocity. Of course it will turn out to be the speed of light; the important thing, however, is not that photons happen to travel at that speed, but that there exists a c such that the spacetime interval is invariant under chan ...
Fundamentals oF modern Physics
... the spreadsheet recalculates all the new in-between steps in the problem and all the new final answers to the problem. In this way the problem is completely interactive. It changes for every new set of initial conditions. The Interactive Examples make the book a living book. The examples can be chan ...
... the spreadsheet recalculates all the new in-between steps in the problem and all the new final answers to the problem. In this way the problem is completely interactive. It changes for every new set of initial conditions. The Interactive Examples make the book a living book. The examples can be chan ...
A History of Physics as an Exercise in Philosophy
... discipline. If there is any relevance, it is one that comes after the facts. They regard the philosophy of science as an occupation for those who are beyond their creative years in science. There is a reason for this rather disparaging attitude. It goes back all the way to the ancient Greeks who tho ...
... discipline. If there is any relevance, it is one that comes after the facts. They regard the philosophy of science as an occupation for those who are beyond their creative years in science. There is a reason for this rather disparaging attitude. It goes back all the way to the ancient Greeks who tho ...
Global and Local Gauge Symmetries
... metric parameters as Einstein's "Interval" and the principle of causality, the latter addressed by Special Relativity and "Lorentz Invariance", the co-varying dimensions of space and time. Parameters such as charge and velocity "c" are "global" in the sense that if we could change their value everyw ...
... metric parameters as Einstein's "Interval" and the principle of causality, the latter addressed by Special Relativity and "Lorentz Invariance", the co-varying dimensions of space and time. Parameters such as charge and velocity "c" are "global" in the sense that if we could change their value everyw ...
The Gravitational Field
... existence of its own, independent of the force. A force is just a force, but a field has energy, momentum, and angular momentum as well as the ability to exert a force. A field can propagate through space as a wave and can exist independent of the source. (The field can persist even after the source ...
... existence of its own, independent of the force. A force is just a force, but a field has energy, momentum, and angular momentum as well as the ability to exert a force. A field can propagate through space as a wave and can exist independent of the source. (The field can persist even after the source ...
Alignment to Michigan Educational Standards- Physical Science
... Objects can interact with each other by “direct contact” (pushes or pulls, friction) or at a distance (gravity, electromagnetism, nuclear). Identify the force(s) acting between objects in “direct contact” or at a distance. Forces There are four basic forces (gravitational, electromagnetic, strong, a ...
... Objects can interact with each other by “direct contact” (pushes or pulls, friction) or at a distance (gravity, electromagnetism, nuclear). Identify the force(s) acting between objects in “direct contact” or at a distance. Forces There are four basic forces (gravitational, electromagnetic, strong, a ...
Derivation of the Maxwell`s Equations Based on a Continuum
... Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100080, China (Dated: February 2, 2008) We speculate that the universe may be filled with a visco-elastic continuum which may be called aether. Thus, the Maxwell’s equations in vacuum are derived by methods of continuum mechanics based on a continuum mechanical ...
... Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100080, China (Dated: February 2, 2008) We speculate that the universe may be filled with a visco-elastic continuum which may be called aether. Thus, the Maxwell’s equations in vacuum are derived by methods of continuum mechanics based on a continuum mechanical ...
7 The Schwarzschild Solution and Black Holes
... speaking, if gIJ or f depended on the ui then the metric would change as we moved in a single submanifold, which violates the assumption of symmetry. The unwanted cross terms, meanwhile, can be eliminated by making sure that the tangent vectors ∂/∂v I are orthogonal to the submanifolds — in other wo ...
... speaking, if gIJ or f depended on the ui then the metric would change as we moved in a single submanifold, which violates the assumption of symmetry. The unwanted cross terms, meanwhile, can be eliminated by making sure that the tangent vectors ∂/∂v I are orthogonal to the submanifolds — in other wo ...
Light rays, gravitational waves and pulse
... because there is no very simple invariant characterization of what counts as gravitational radiation and what does not. We first derive general, invariant formulas; we may then specialize these to systems which are gravitationally radiating. 1.3 Goals and results The aims and results of this paper a ...
... because there is no very simple invariant characterization of what counts as gravitational radiation and what does not. We first derive general, invariant formulas; we may then specialize these to systems which are gravitationally radiating. 1.3 Goals and results The aims and results of this paper a ...
Aalborg Universitet Adaptive Review of Three Fundamental Questions in Physics
... From the Newton’s point of view, the time was an absolute quantity and a global scale that there existed independent of anything and physical phenomenon. In Newtonian laws, absolute Space is the study of space as an absolute, unmoving reference point for what inertial systems (i.e. planets and other ...
... From the Newton’s point of view, the time was an absolute quantity and a global scale that there existed independent of anything and physical phenomenon. In Newtonian laws, absolute Space is the study of space as an absolute, unmoving reference point for what inertial systems (i.e. planets and other ...
Physics Phun with Motional Effects and the Magnetic Vector
... charge. The test charge QT is e.g. attached to an oil-drop of independently known mass. A light source and a video camera are used to monitor the position of the test charge between the electrodes of the Millikan apparatus and a fast laptop pc is used to read in/frame grab the video camera data and ...
... charge. The test charge QT is e.g. attached to an oil-drop of independently known mass. A light source and a video camera are used to monitor the position of the test charge between the electrodes of the Millikan apparatus and a fast laptop pc is used to read in/frame grab the video camera data and ...
A general law for electromagnetic induction
... different and based on the definition of the induced emf magnetic field; S any surface that given in eq. (3): it leads immediately to a “general law” (E induced emf ; B has the closed loop of the electrical circuit as contour). for electromagnetic induction phenomena that is applied, However, it is s ...
... different and based on the definition of the induced emf magnetic field; S any surface that given in eq. (3): it leads immediately to a “general law” (E induced emf ; B has the closed loop of the electrical circuit as contour). for electromagnetic induction phenomena that is applied, However, it is s ...
The Confrontation between General Relativity and Experiment
... valid, then in local freely falling frames, the laws governing experiments must be independent of the velocity of the frame (local Lorentz invariance), with constant values for the various atomic constants (in order to be independent of location). The only laws we know of that fulfill this are those ...
... valid, then in local freely falling frames, the laws governing experiments must be independent of the velocity of the frame (local Lorentz invariance), with constant values for the various atomic constants (in order to be independent of location). The only laws we know of that fulfill this are those ...
Classical Dynamics - damtp
... An inertial frame is not unique. In fact, there are an infinite number of inertial frames. Let S be an inertial frame. Then there are 10 linearly independent transformations S → S 0 such that S 0 is also an inertial frame (i.e. if (1.2) holds in S, then it also holds in S 0 ). These are r0 = Or wher ...
... An inertial frame is not unique. In fact, there are an infinite number of inertial frames. Let S be an inertial frame. Then there are 10 linearly independent transformations S → S 0 such that S 0 is also an inertial frame (i.e. if (1.2) holds in S, then it also holds in S 0 ). These are r0 = Or wher ...
Reference part 2- Appendix D-I
... These equations are valid for a closed system, that is, when no external forces act on the system during the collision. When such external forces are either negligibly small or act for too short a time to make a significant change in the momentum, these equations represent a good approximation. The ...
... These equations are valid for a closed system, that is, when no external forces act on the system during the collision. When such external forces are either negligibly small or act for too short a time to make a significant change in the momentum, these equations represent a good approximation. The ...
Special relativity
In physics, special relativity (SR, also known as the special theory of relativity or STR) is the generally accepted physical theory regarding the relationship between space and time. It is based on two postulates: (1) that the laws of physics are invariant (i.e. identical) in all inertial systems (non-accelerating frames of reference); and (2) that the speed of light in a vacuum is the same for all observers, regardless of the motion of the light source. It was originally proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper ""On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies"". The inconsistency of Newtonian mechanics with Maxwell’s equations of electromagnetism and the inability to discover Earth's motion through a luminiferous aether led to the development of special relativity, which corrects mechanics to handle situations involving motions nearing the speed of light. As of today, special relativity is the most accurate model of motion at any speed. Even so, Newtonian mechanics is still useful (due to its simplicity and high accuracy) as an approximation at small velocities relative to the speed of light.Special relativity implies a wide range of consequences, which have been experimentally verified, including length contraction, time dilation, relativistic mass, mass–energy equivalence, a universal speed limit, and relativity of simultaneity. It has replaced the conventional notion of an absolute universal time with the notion of a time that is dependent on reference frame and spatial position. Rather than an invariant time interval between two events, there is an invariant spacetime interval. Combined with other laws of physics, the two postulates of special relativity predict the equivalence of mass and energy, as expressed in the mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc2, where c is the speed of light in vacuum.A defining feature of special relativity is the replacement of the Galilean transformations of Newtonian mechanics with the Lorentz transformations. Time and space cannot be defined separately from each other. Rather space and time are interwoven into a single continuum known as spacetime. Events that occur at the same time for one observer could occur at different times for another.The theory is ""special"" in that it only applies in the special case where the curvature of spacetime due to gravity is negligible. In order to include gravity, Einstein formulated general relativity in 1915. (Special relativity, contrary to some outdated descriptions, is capable of handling accelerated frames of reference.)As Galilean relativity is now considered an approximation of special relativity that is valid for low speeds, special relativity is considered an approximation of general relativity that is valid for weak gravitational fields, i.e. at a sufficiently small scale and in conditions of free fall. Whereas general relativity incorporates noneuclidean geometry in order to represent gravitational effects as the geometric curvature of spacetime, special relativity is restricted to the flat spacetime known as Minkowski space. A locally Lorentz-invariant frame that abides by special relativity can be defined at sufficiently small scales, even in curved spacetime.Galileo Galilei had already postulated that there is no absolute and well-defined state of rest (no privileged reference frames), a principle now called Galileo's principle of relativity. Einstein extended this principle so that it accounted for the constant speed of light, a phenomenon that had been recently observed in the Michelson–Morley experiment. He also postulated that it holds for all the laws of physics, including both the laws of mechanics and of electrodynamics.