203a Homework 5, due March 5 1. (O`Neil) Consider two particles of
... the lab frame. The particles are then released. Call particle 1 that at z = +d and particle 2 that at z = −d. Keep everything fully relativistic. (a) Find the acceleration ~a of particle 1 due to the force from the fields of particle 2. (b) Now transform to the ′ rocket frame, moving with velocity ~ ...
... the lab frame. The particles are then released. Call particle 1 that at z = +d and particle 2 that at z = −d. Keep everything fully relativistic. (a) Find the acceleration ~a of particle 1 due to the force from the fields of particle 2. (b) Now transform to the ′ rocket frame, moving with velocity ~ ...
Short answers Short Problems
... 1. What are the two postulates of relativity? Solution: 1. There is no preferred reference frame; the laws of physics are the same in all frames. 2. It is a law of physics that the speed of light is c = (2.99 × 108 ) m s. 2. Proper length is A. Found in the frame at rest relative to the Universe. B. ...
... 1. What are the two postulates of relativity? Solution: 1. There is no preferred reference frame; the laws of physics are the same in all frames. 2. It is a law of physics that the speed of light is c = (2.99 × 108 ) m s. 2. Proper length is A. Found in the frame at rest relative to the Universe. B. ...
pages 401-450 - Light and Matter
... off. This will be detectable on earth, and since sunlight takes eight minutes to get from the sun to the earth, the change in gravitational force will, according to Newton, be the first way in which earthlings learn the bad news — the sun will not visibly start receding until a little later. Althoug ...
... off. This will be detectable on earth, and since sunlight takes eight minutes to get from the sun to the earth, the change in gravitational force will, according to Newton, be the first way in which earthlings learn the bad news — the sun will not visibly start receding until a little later. Althoug ...
The Theory of Anti-Relativity, Chapter 1
... lecture on the “Hysteresis of the Aether” by E. P. Dollard. Here again one over c squared is only a proportionality factor, not a velocity. Finally, it has been disclosed by insiders within the space program, N.A.S.A., of a “certain complication”. It was found that when far outside the Earth’s field ...
... lecture on the “Hysteresis of the Aether” by E. P. Dollard. Here again one over c squared is only a proportionality factor, not a velocity. Finally, it has been disclosed by insiders within the space program, N.A.S.A., of a “certain complication”. It was found that when far outside the Earth’s field ...
Special
... the speed of light, the electromagnetic (EM) wave is ``frozen’’ and not waving anymore Maxwell theory of EM wave will fail in the light-speed frame of reference Galilean transformation is inconsistent with Maxwell theory of light Newtonian law of invariance fails for EM in the lightspeed frame ...
... the speed of light, the electromagnetic (EM) wave is ``frozen’’ and not waving anymore Maxwell theory of EM wave will fail in the light-speed frame of reference Galilean transformation is inconsistent with Maxwell theory of light Newtonian law of invariance fails for EM in the lightspeed frame ...
Review
... Normally, the contact area of your tire with the road is 200 square cm. If the pressure in your tire is suddenly reduced from 32 pounds per square inch to 16 pounds per square inch, what must be the new contact area to support the car? 2. Use the microscopic model of gas to explain why the pressure ...
... Normally, the contact area of your tire with the road is 200 square cm. If the pressure in your tire is suddenly reduced from 32 pounds per square inch to 16 pounds per square inch, what must be the new contact area to support the car? 2. Use the microscopic model of gas to explain why the pressure ...
Example Midterm Solutions
... Solution: Depending on the angle of my friend’s travel, the time she measures the event to happen would be longer and the distance between the stars would appear shorter. 2. What are the two postulates of relativity? ...
... Solution: Depending on the angle of my friend’s travel, the time she measures the event to happen would be longer and the distance between the stars would appear shorter. 2. What are the two postulates of relativity? ...
Physics 7B - AB Lecture 3 April 24 Vectors
... lock together as a result of the collision, what is their common speed afterward? ...
... lock together as a result of the collision, what is their common speed afterward? ...
Chapter 19 Option H: RELATIVITY
... unusual results. Your overall perspective of the world would in fact be very diferent from the world observed by somebody not on the ride. You might well expect the laws of physics to be diferent. Yet we all live on a merrygo-round. he earth spins on its axis as it orbits the sun. Fortunately the ea ...
... unusual results. Your overall perspective of the world would in fact be very diferent from the world observed by somebody not on the ride. You might well expect the laws of physics to be diferent. Yet we all live on a merrygo-round. he earth spins on its axis as it orbits the sun. Fortunately the ea ...
Homework 2 Solution
... This looks unpromising; the first part looks like what we are after, but there is an extra factor of v 2 , and the second looks like a mess. But a miracle happens. With a little algebra: γ −2 v 2 (1 − γ 2 )2 = ...
... This looks unpromising; the first part looks like what we are after, but there is an extra factor of v 2 , and the second looks like a mess. But a miracle happens. With a little algebra: γ −2 v 2 (1 − γ 2 )2 = ...
Non-Inertial Reference Frames
... An electromagnetic holds up a steel ball. When the current stops, the ball falls due to ...
... An electromagnetic holds up a steel ball. When the current stops, the ball falls due to ...
5. Electromagnetism and Relativity
... We’ve seen that Maxwell’s equations have wave solutions which travel at the speed of light. But there’s another place in physics where the speed of light plays a prominent role: the theory of special relativity. How does electromagnetism fit with special relativity? Historically, the Maxwell equatio ...
... We’ve seen that Maxwell’s equations have wave solutions which travel at the speed of light. But there’s another place in physics where the speed of light plays a prominent role: the theory of special relativity. How does electromagnetism fit with special relativity? Historically, the Maxwell equatio ...
Handout 1
... When two events occur at the same location in an inertial reference frame, the time interval between them, measured in that frame, is called the proper time interval. Measurements of the same time interval from any other inertial reference frame are always greater. ...
... When two events occur at the same location in an inertial reference frame, the time interval between them, measured in that frame, is called the proper time interval. Measurements of the same time interval from any other inertial reference frame are always greater. ...
Learning material
... In the case of sound waves, the speed at which they move through space depends on the speed of the air through which they are moving. A fast flowing wind carries the sound towards us more rapidly than a still atmosphere. The speed of sound also depends on the speed of the observer and of the source, ...
... In the case of sound waves, the speed at which they move through space depends on the speed of the air through which they are moving. A fast flowing wind carries the sound towards us more rapidly than a still atmosphere. The speed of sound also depends on the speed of the observer and of the source, ...
rest energy - Purdue Physics
... has it that equal numbers of protons and antiprotons must have been originally created. But the universe is almost entirely baryons (protons and neutrons) today. We still have no exact understanding of what went on right after BB ...
... has it that equal numbers of protons and antiprotons must have been originally created. But the universe is almost entirely baryons (protons and neutrons) today. We still have no exact understanding of what went on right after BB ...
Inertial Reference Frame B: Not an inertial reference frame A
... Somewhat more loosely, gravity is a force that acts on mass. When two objects with masses m1 and m2 are separated by distance r, each object pulls on the other with a force given by Newton’s law of gravity, as follows: ...
... Somewhat more loosely, gravity is a force that acts on mass. When two objects with masses m1 and m2 are separated by distance r, each object pulls on the other with a force given by Newton’s law of gravity, as follows: ...
Einstein`s E mc2
... • The mass m and energy E belongs to two different class of objects in relativistic mechanics and so equating them is misleading. Mass is an invariant and non-conserved physical quantity. However, energy is a conserved physical quantity but is not invariant. • Since mass is defined in terms of the m ...
... • The mass m and energy E belongs to two different class of objects in relativistic mechanics and so equating them is misleading. Mass is an invariant and non-conserved physical quantity. However, energy is a conserved physical quantity but is not invariant. • Since mass is defined in terms of the m ...
Chapter 5: Gravity - Otto
... 1. Observers can never detect their uniform motion, except relative to other objects. This is equivalent to: ...
... 1. Observers can never detect their uniform motion, except relative to other objects. This is equivalent to: ...
Special relativity
In physics, special relativity (SR, also known as the special theory of relativity or STR) is the generally accepted physical theory regarding the relationship between space and time. It is based on two postulates: (1) that the laws of physics are invariant (i.e. identical) in all inertial systems (non-accelerating frames of reference); and (2) that the speed of light in a vacuum is the same for all observers, regardless of the motion of the light source. It was originally proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper ""On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies"". The inconsistency of Newtonian mechanics with Maxwell’s equations of electromagnetism and the inability to discover Earth's motion through a luminiferous aether led to the development of special relativity, which corrects mechanics to handle situations involving motions nearing the speed of light. As of today, special relativity is the most accurate model of motion at any speed. Even so, Newtonian mechanics is still useful (due to its simplicity and high accuracy) as an approximation at small velocities relative to the speed of light.Special relativity implies a wide range of consequences, which have been experimentally verified, including length contraction, time dilation, relativistic mass, mass–energy equivalence, a universal speed limit, and relativity of simultaneity. It has replaced the conventional notion of an absolute universal time with the notion of a time that is dependent on reference frame and spatial position. Rather than an invariant time interval between two events, there is an invariant spacetime interval. Combined with other laws of physics, the two postulates of special relativity predict the equivalence of mass and energy, as expressed in the mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc2, where c is the speed of light in vacuum.A defining feature of special relativity is the replacement of the Galilean transformations of Newtonian mechanics with the Lorentz transformations. Time and space cannot be defined separately from each other. Rather space and time are interwoven into a single continuum known as spacetime. Events that occur at the same time for one observer could occur at different times for another.The theory is ""special"" in that it only applies in the special case where the curvature of spacetime due to gravity is negligible. In order to include gravity, Einstein formulated general relativity in 1915. (Special relativity, contrary to some outdated descriptions, is capable of handling accelerated frames of reference.)As Galilean relativity is now considered an approximation of special relativity that is valid for low speeds, special relativity is considered an approximation of general relativity that is valid for weak gravitational fields, i.e. at a sufficiently small scale and in conditions of free fall. Whereas general relativity incorporates noneuclidean geometry in order to represent gravitational effects as the geometric curvature of spacetime, special relativity is restricted to the flat spacetime known as Minkowski space. A locally Lorentz-invariant frame that abides by special relativity can be defined at sufficiently small scales, even in curved spacetime.Galileo Galilei had already postulated that there is no absolute and well-defined state of rest (no privileged reference frames), a principle now called Galileo's principle of relativity. Einstein extended this principle so that it accounted for the constant speed of light, a phenomenon that had been recently observed in the Michelson–Morley experiment. He also postulated that it holds for all the laws of physics, including both the laws of mechanics and of electrodynamics.