The Impact of Infrastructure on Agricultural Productivity
... have the most significant impact on agricultural productivity. Dercon and others (2007) observe that those studies did not state whether it is the quantity of infrastructure that matters or its quality, and in the absence of distributional data, did not demonstrate the impact on poverty reduction. I ...
... have the most significant impact on agricultural productivity. Dercon and others (2007) observe that those studies did not state whether it is the quantity of infrastructure that matters or its quality, and in the absence of distributional data, did not demonstrate the impact on poverty reduction. I ...
National Bank of the Republic of Macedonia
... proposed by Tanzi (1980), who estimated the underground economy in the US during 19291980. This method builds on earlier work of Cagan (1958) and Gutmann (1977). It assumes that people that engage in the informal economy would prefer to use cash, in order to avoid leaving traces. The essence of the ...
... proposed by Tanzi (1980), who estimated the underground economy in the US during 19291980. This method builds on earlier work of Cagan (1958) and Gutmann (1977). It assumes that people that engage in the informal economy would prefer to use cash, in order to avoid leaving traces. The essence of the ...
slovak republic
... provides much of Slovakia’s energy and is a reasonably important export market, including for Slovakia’s trading partners. Growth and jobs. Despite positive growth, unemployment is very high and reflects large regional disparities, which are also seen in income levels and infrastructure. Wideranging ...
... provides much of Slovakia’s energy and is a reasonably important export market, including for Slovakia’s trading partners. Growth and jobs. Despite positive growth, unemployment is very high and reflects large regional disparities, which are also seen in income levels and infrastructure. Wideranging ...
A Policymaker`s Guide to Dutch Disease
... tradables rises relative to tradables. In the case where this occurs without aid, the long-run appreciation of the real exchange rate is driven by a rise in productivity, output and incomes. The appreciated real exchange rate is the corollary of higher levels of incomes and consumption that the cou ...
... tradables rises relative to tradables. In the case where this occurs without aid, the long-run appreciation of the real exchange rate is driven by a rise in productivity, output and incomes. The appreciated real exchange rate is the corollary of higher levels of incomes and consumption that the cou ...
Exchange rate volatility–economic growth nexus in Uganda
... act of 1964, the public was forbidden to hold foreign currency. There was an acute shortage of foreign exchange during this period and exporters/importers of commodities were required to deal directly with the central bank which operated under various fixed exchange regimes that were at odds with ma ...
... act of 1964, the public was forbidden to hold foreign currency. There was an acute shortage of foreign exchange during this period and exporters/importers of commodities were required to deal directly with the central bank which operated under various fixed exchange regimes that were at odds with ma ...
Does the Mortality Decline Promote Economic Growth?
... Heckman (2000) argues that the return to human capital investment is highest before age five. In addition, mortality changes around age fifteen are not small.10 Ram and Schultz (1979) argue that improvements in mortality have been an important incentive to increase investment in education at any ag ...
... Heckman (2000) argues that the return to human capital investment is highest before age five. In addition, mortality changes around age fifteen are not small.10 Ram and Schultz (1979) argue that improvements in mortality have been an important incentive to increase investment in education at any ag ...
GDP per capita since 1820 - Utrecht University Repository
... In other words, a benchmark year PPP is estimated for the year 1990, which is used to compute a comparative GDP level for all countries in that year. From this benchmark year, the original GDP per capita series for all countries are extrapolated (backward and forward) using volume growth rates of GD ...
... In other words, a benchmark year PPP is estimated for the year 1990, which is used to compute a comparative GDP level for all countries in that year. From this benchmark year, the original GDP per capita series for all countries are extrapolated (backward and forward) using volume growth rates of GD ...
China Region Economic Growth Convergence and Its Mechanism
... As a whole, the economics of the east coastal area is better than the west and the middle in the past twenty years, so many literatures divide China into the east, the west and the middle to survey regional convergence. However, there are three obstacles. Firstly, this kind of division has no consen ...
... As a whole, the economics of the east coastal area is better than the west and the middle in the past twenty years, so many literatures divide China into the east, the west and the middle to survey regional convergence. However, there are three obstacles. Firstly, this kind of division has no consen ...
PWT 8.0 – a user guide - Industrial Relations Section
... GDP per capita in national currency, so in renminbi (RMB) for China and US dollars (USD) for the US, and these data are directly from National Accounts. Since these values are in ...
... GDP per capita in national currency, so in renminbi (RMB) for China and US dollars (USD) for the US, and these data are directly from National Accounts. Since these values are in ...
Is there a Link Between GDP Growth and Equity Returns?
... Source: MSCI Barra, US Department of Agriculture, data as of December 2009. Real GDP growth is shown as a chain-linked index to avoid the distorting effect of changes in the country composition of the corresponding global equity indices (MSCI World before January 1, 1988 and MSCI ACWI after that dat ...
... Source: MSCI Barra, US Department of Agriculture, data as of December 2009. Real GDP growth is shown as a chain-linked index to avoid the distorting effect of changes in the country composition of the corresponding global equity indices (MSCI World before January 1, 1988 and MSCI ACWI after that dat ...
okun`s law: evidence from the baltic states
... for forecasting developments in the main macroeconomic indicators. After the accession to the European Union in May 2004, the Baltic States exhibited a high, in some cases unsustainable growth. This growth was accompanied by fairly high employment and inflation rates. Since the outburst of the world ...
... for forecasting developments in the main macroeconomic indicators. After the accession to the European Union in May 2004, the Baltic States exhibited a high, in some cases unsustainable growth. This growth was accompanied by fairly high employment and inflation rates. Since the outburst of the world ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES Robert J. Gordon Working Paper 11778
... This paper develops a new analysis of the U. S. economy in the 1920s that is illuminated by contrasts with the 1990s, and it also re-examines the causes of the Great Depression. In both the 1920s and the 1990s the acceleration of productivity growth linked to the delayed effects of previously invent ...
... This paper develops a new analysis of the U. S. economy in the 1920s that is illuminated by contrasts with the 1990s, and it also re-examines the causes of the Great Depression. In both the 1920s and the 1990s the acceleration of productivity growth linked to the delayed effects of previously invent ...
Sunspots, GDP and the stock market
... human bias can play an important role. But defending the idea that stock-market growth correlates to GDP growth does not need scientific support; after all, they both reflect fundamental aspects of the same economy. On the contrary, one is surprised that the correlation between DJIA and GDP turns ou ...
... human bias can play an important role. But defending the idea that stock-market growth correlates to GDP growth does not need scientific support; after all, they both reflect fundamental aspects of the same economy. On the contrary, one is surprised that the correlation between DJIA and GDP turns ou ...
Institutional Systems and Economic Growth
... As successive innovations raise productivity and enhance welfare, countries that are technological leaders in their productive sectors are also leaders in per capita income. Correspondingly, economies that are less technologically advanced display lower standards of living. They can, however, catch ...
... As successive innovations raise productivity and enhance welfare, countries that are technological leaders in their productive sectors are also leaders in per capita income. Correspondingly, economies that are less technologically advanced display lower standards of living. They can, however, catch ...
Transformation in economics
Transformation in economics refers to a long-term change in dominant economic activity in terms of prevailing relative engagement or employment of able individuals.Human economic systems undergo a number of deviations and departures from the ""normal"" state, trend or development. Among them are Disturbance (short-term disruption, temporary disorder), Perturbation (persistent or repeated divergence, predicament, decline or crisis), Deformation (damage, regime change, loss of self-sustainability, distortion), Transformation (long-term change, restructuring, conversion, new “normal”) and Renewal (rebirth, transmutation, corso-ricorso, renaissance, new beginning).Transformation is a unidirectional and irreversible change in dominant human economic activity (economic sector). Such change is driven by slower or faster continuous improvement in sector productivity growth rate. Productivity growth itself is fueled by advances in technology, inflow of useful innovations, accumulated practical knowledge and experience, levels of education, viability of institutions, quality of decision making and organized human effort. Individual sector transformations are the outcomes of human socio-economic evolution.Human economic activity has so far undergone at least four fundamental transformations:From nomadic hunting and gathering (H/G) to localized agricultureFrom localized agriculture (A) to internationalized industryFrom international industry (I) to global servicesFrom global services (S) to public sector (including government, welfare and unemployment, GWU)This evolution naturally proceeds from securing necessary food, through producing useful things, to providing helpful services, both private and public (See H/G→A→I→S→GWU sequence in Fig. 1). Accelerating productivity growth rates speed up the transformations, from millennia, through centuries, to decades of the recent era. It is this acceleration which makes transformation relevant economic category of today, more fundamental in its impact than any recession, crisis or depression. The evolution of four forms of capital (Indicated in Fig. 1) accompanies all economic transformations.Transformation is quite different from accompanying cyclical recessions and crises, despite the similarity of manifested phenomena (unemployment, technology shifts, socio-political discontent, bankruptcies, etc.). However, the tools and interventions used to combat crisis are clearly ineffective for coping with non-cyclical transformations. The problem is whether we face a mere crisis or a fundamental transformation (globalization→relocalization).