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22. Current rectification of quantum nano diodes in Superconducting
22. Current rectification of quantum nano diodes in Superconducting

... The phenomenon of superconductivity, in which the electrical resistance of certain materials completely vanishes at low temperatures, is one of the most interesting phenomenon in condensed matter physics [1]. In 1911 Kamerlingh Onnes and one of his assistants discovered the phenomenon of superconduc ...
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... some techniques for finding approximate solutions to the Schrödinger equation. This chapter and Chapter 11 are devoted to a very important set of these techniques called perturbation theory. The basic idea of perturbation theory rests on a simple general argument. Suppose we begin with a potential f ...
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... these are called natural units. For example we may use the year as our measure of time, and the light-year as our measure of distance, then light travels one light-year per year, i.e. c = 1 in these units. In effect, we should think of c as the quantity that allows us to relate distances to times, a ...
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... (such as electrons), in a strongly correlated system. The notion of fractionalization is not only fascinating in itself, but also has been related to other intriguing concepts in theoretical physics as discussed in the following. At present, several different systems exhibit the fractionalization [1 ...
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Instanton

An instanton (or pseudoparticle) is a notion appearing in theoretical and mathematical physics. An instanton is a classical solution to equations of motion with a finite, non-zero action, either in quantum mechanics or in quantum field theory. More precisely, it is a solution to the equations of motion of the classical field theory on a Euclidean spacetime.
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