Done by : Noor Bjant.hala Dr: loai zghol
... When we feel pain in any visceral oragan , this sensation will travel to the spinal cord and pass through one of its areas . For example : if the impulses of the heart pass through C8 , and someone has a pain in his heart he will feel the pain in his finger , and this is called referred pain . Or if ...
... When we feel pain in any visceral oragan , this sensation will travel to the spinal cord and pass through one of its areas . For example : if the impulses of the heart pass through C8 , and someone has a pain in his heart he will feel the pain in his finger , and this is called referred pain . Or if ...
Central nervous system
... • Nerve pulses travel along motor axons to an effector, which brings about a response to the stimulus ...
... • Nerve pulses travel along motor axons to an effector, which brings about a response to the stimulus ...
Drugs Acting on the Central and Peripheral Nervous
... it activates. A nerve may produce only one type of neurotransmitter, using building blocks such as tyrosine or choline from the extracellular fluid, often absorbed from dietary sources. The neurotransmitter, packaged into vesicles, moves to the terminal membrane of the axon, and when the nerve is st ...
... it activates. A nerve may produce only one type of neurotransmitter, using building blocks such as tyrosine or choline from the extracellular fluid, often absorbed from dietary sources. The neurotransmitter, packaged into vesicles, moves to the terminal membrane of the axon, and when the nerve is st ...
The Information Processing Mechanism of the Brain
... with capacitors and resistors, form the circuits that produce complex meaningful operations. In the brain the combination of several neural networks, together with other Central Nervous System components, produce complex meaningful operations which make up purposeful human behaviour. (The analogy be ...
... with capacitors and resistors, form the circuits that produce complex meaningful operations. In the brain the combination of several neural networks, together with other Central Nervous System components, produce complex meaningful operations which make up purposeful human behaviour. (The analogy be ...
Chapter 1
... “intelligent” behavior but may incorporate underlying processes far different from those used by humans. ...
... “intelligent” behavior but may incorporate underlying processes far different from those used by humans. ...
Study Guide Solutions
... recognizing objects because of impairments in basic perceptual processing or higherlevel recognition processes. Damage to dorsal areas in the posterior parietal lobe can lead to a striking global modulation of visual awareness called neglect, in which a patient completely ignores or does not respond ...
... recognizing objects because of impairments in basic perceptual processing or higherlevel recognition processes. Damage to dorsal areas in the posterior parietal lobe can lead to a striking global modulation of visual awareness called neglect, in which a patient completely ignores or does not respond ...
Buzsaki and Draguhn (2004), Neuronal Oscillations in Cortical
... by the temporal window within which some Input selection and plasticity. Single neuneuron “clocking” networks (19, 32). In many trace of an earlier event is retained, which then rons and networks respond with transient ossystems, electrical coupling by gap junctions alters the response to a subseque ...
... by the temporal window within which some Input selection and plasticity. Single neuneuron “clocking” networks (19, 32). In many trace of an earlier event is retained, which then rons and networks respond with transient ossystems, electrical coupling by gap junctions alters the response to a subseque ...
Chemical Effects of Ecstasy on the Human Brain
... though these experiments are difficult to conduct in a completely accurate form due to a large number of extraneous variables, there is evidence that have shown users having less cognitive, and memory function than non-users. ...
... though these experiments are difficult to conduct in a completely accurate form due to a large number of extraneous variables, there is evidence that have shown users having less cognitive, and memory function than non-users. ...
11. The front-end visual system - LGN and cortex
... From the retina, the optic nerve runs into the central brain area and makes a first monosynaptic connection in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus, a specialized area of the thalamus (see figure 11.1 and 11.2). ...
... From the retina, the optic nerve runs into the central brain area and makes a first monosynaptic connection in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus, a specialized area of the thalamus (see figure 11.1 and 11.2). ...
A NEW CHALLENGE FOR CONTEMPORARY MARKETING
... the price level), but also the physiological reactions which, theoretically, were deemed objective and precise. In order to better understand the underlying message of this reaction, we must see what happens in the brain during tasting. The areas responsible for deciphering pleasure and reward, situ ...
... the price level), but also the physiological reactions which, theoretically, were deemed objective and precise. In order to better understand the underlying message of this reaction, we must see what happens in the brain during tasting. The areas responsible for deciphering pleasure and reward, situ ...
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE)
... An ideal BCI could detect the user’s wishes and commands directly. However, this is not possible with today’s technology. Therefore, BCI researches have used the knowledge they have had of the human brain and the EEG in order to design a BCI. There are basically two different approaches that have be ...
... An ideal BCI could detect the user’s wishes and commands directly. However, this is not possible with today’s technology. Therefore, BCI researches have used the knowledge they have had of the human brain and the EEG in order to design a BCI. There are basically two different approaches that have be ...
Neural computations that underlie decisions about sensory stimuli
... Joshua I. Gold and Michael N. Shadlen Decision-making behavior has been studied extensively, but the neurophysiological mechanisms responsible for this remarkable cognitive ability are just beginning to be understood. Here we propose neural computations that can account for the formation of categori ...
... Joshua I. Gold and Michael N. Shadlen Decision-making behavior has been studied extensively, but the neurophysiological mechanisms responsible for this remarkable cognitive ability are just beginning to be understood. Here we propose neural computations that can account for the formation of categori ...
Hyperhidrosis Due to Thalamic Deep Brain Stimulation in a Patient
... Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain confirmed lead positioning in the thalamus with a slightly inferior displacement extending to the superior cerebral peduncle. CONCLUSIONS: Although a rare complication, hypothalamic dysfunction can occur as a stimulation-related side effect of VimDBS. In our p ...
... Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain confirmed lead positioning in the thalamus with a slightly inferior displacement extending to the superior cerebral peduncle. CONCLUSIONS: Although a rare complication, hypothalamic dysfunction can occur as a stimulation-related side effect of VimDBS. In our p ...
"Touch". In: Encyclopedia of Life Sciences (ELS)
... which physical deformation of the skin is transformed into electrical signals. The intensity of contact force and speed of motion are detected by special sense organs in the skin called mechanoreceptors, so called because they detect mechanical energy applied to the skin. The elasticity of the skin ...
... which physical deformation of the skin is transformed into electrical signals. The intensity of contact force and speed of motion are detected by special sense organs in the skin called mechanoreceptors, so called because they detect mechanical energy applied to the skin. The elasticity of the skin ...
nervous system
... 1. The parasympathetic division primes the body for activities that gain and conserve energy for the body. 2. The sympathetic division prepares the body for intense, energy-consuming activities. 3. The enteric division consists of networks of neurons in the digestive tract, pancreas, and gallbladder ...
... 1. The parasympathetic division primes the body for activities that gain and conserve energy for the body. 2. The sympathetic division prepares the body for intense, energy-consuming activities. 3. The enteric division consists of networks of neurons in the digestive tract, pancreas, and gallbladder ...
Anatomical and physiological bases of consciousness and sleep
... 2. medial region –containing large neurons that project to the spinal cord and to oculomotor nuclei 3. lateral region that receive axon colaterals from many ascending sensory pathways At the level of the medulla the lateral RF-participate in complex motor patterns such as respiration, swallowing, an ...
... 2. medial region –containing large neurons that project to the spinal cord and to oculomotor nuclei 3. lateral region that receive axon colaterals from many ascending sensory pathways At the level of the medulla the lateral RF-participate in complex motor patterns such as respiration, swallowing, an ...
Mirror Neurons: Fire to Inspire
... mapping that has mapped many brain functions like language, cognitions, emotions and other motor related conditions. MNS occupies the major portion of brain including parietal region (inferior parietal lobule, superior parietal lobule and intraparietal sulcus) and frontal region (ventral, dorsal pre ...
... mapping that has mapped many brain functions like language, cognitions, emotions and other motor related conditions. MNS occupies the major portion of brain including parietal region (inferior parietal lobule, superior parietal lobule and intraparietal sulcus) and frontal region (ventral, dorsal pre ...
The Biology of Mind - American International School
... bumps on the skull, could reveal a person’s mental abilities and character traits (FIGURE 2.1). At one point, Britain had 29 phrenological societies, and phrenologists traveled North America giving skull readings (Hunt, 1993). Using a false name, humorist Mark Twain put one famous phrenologist to th ...
... bumps on the skull, could reveal a person’s mental abilities and character traits (FIGURE 2.1). At one point, Britain had 29 phrenological societies, and phrenologists traveled North America giving skull readings (Hunt, 1993). Using a false name, humorist Mark Twain put one famous phrenologist to th ...
Our biggest potential we are opening up, when we bring the mind
... (brain heart with approximately 40,000 neuronal circuits). It is thus able to feel, to remember, to learn and to make decisions independently of the head brain. Above all, however, it may "feel". ...
... (brain heart with approximately 40,000 neuronal circuits). It is thus able to feel, to remember, to learn and to make decisions independently of the head brain. Above all, however, it may "feel". ...
Proprioception
... There are five common senses that are discussed and learned from an early age: sight, hearing, taste, touch, and smell. The I-function, the conscious part of the brain, is very aware of these senses. It voluntarily checks information obtained by these senses in order to experience the environment, a ...
... There are five common senses that are discussed and learned from an early age: sight, hearing, taste, touch, and smell. The I-function, the conscious part of the brain, is very aware of these senses. It voluntarily checks information obtained by these senses in order to experience the environment, a ...
The Schizophrenic Brain: A Broken Hermeneutic
... It is generally agreed that the hippocampal formation has a crucial role in learning and memory processes. The hippocampus is reciprocally connected to many neural centers and is thought to prepare information for long term storage. The corticohippocampal-cortex loop might be considered as the struc ...
... It is generally agreed that the hippocampal formation has a crucial role in learning and memory processes. The hippocampus is reciprocally connected to many neural centers and is thought to prepare information for long term storage. The corticohippocampal-cortex loop might be considered as the struc ...
Human brain
The human brain is the main organ of the human nervous system. It is located in the head, protected by the skull. It has the same general structure as the brains of other mammals, but with a more developed cerebral cortex. Large animals such as whales and elephants have larger brains in absolute terms, but when measured using a measure of relative brain size, which compensates for body size, the quotient for the human brain is almost twice as large as that of a bottlenose dolphin, and three times as large as that of a chimpanzee. Much of the size of the human brain comes from the cerebral cortex, especially the frontal lobes, which are associated with executive functions such as self-control, planning, reasoning, and abstract thought. The area of the cerebral cortex devoted to vision, the visual cortex, is also greatly enlarged in humans compared to other animals.The human cerebral cortex is a thick layer of neural tissue that covers most of the brain. This layer is folded in a way that increases the amount of surface that can fit into the volume available. The pattern of folds is similar across individuals, although there are many small variations. The cortex is divided into four lobes – the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe. (Some classification systems also include a limbic lobe and treat the insular cortex as a lobe.) Within each lobe are numerous cortical areas, each associated with a particular function, including vision, motor control, and language. The left and right sides of the cortex are broadly similar in shape, and most cortical areas are replicated on both sides. Some areas, though, show strong lateralization, particularly areas that are involved in language. In most people, the left hemisphere is dominant for language, with the right hemisphere playing only a minor role. There are other functions, such as visual-spatial ability, for which the right hemisphere is usually dominant.Despite being protected by the thick bones of the skull, suspended in cerebrospinal fluid, and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood–brain barrier, the human brain is susceptible to damage and disease. The most common forms of physical damage are closed head injuries such as a blow to the head, a stroke, or poisoning by a variety of chemicals which can act as neurotoxins, such as ethanol alcohol. Infection of the brain, though serious, is rare because of the biological barriers which protect it. The human brain is also susceptible to degenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease, (mostly as the result of aging) and multiple sclerosis. A number of psychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia and clinical depression, are thought to be associated with brain dysfunctions, although the nature of these is not well understood. The brain can also be the site of brain tumors and these can be benign or malignant.There are some techniques for studying the brain that are used in other animals that are just not suitable for use in humans and vice versa. It is easier to obtain individual brain cells taken from other animals, for study. It is also possible to use invasive techniques in other animals such as inserting electrodes into the brain or disabling certains parts of the brain in order to examine the effects on behaviour – techniques that are not possible to be used in humans. However, only humans can respond to complex verbal instructions or be of use in the study of important brain functions such as language and other complex cognitive tasks, but studies from humans and from other animals, can be of mutual help. Medical imaging technologies such as functional neuroimaging and EEG recordings are important techniques in studying the brain. The complete functional understanding of the human brain is an ongoing challenge for neuroscience.