Consciousness & Its Variants
... • Free-running circadian rhythms – rhythms that are not allowed to be affected by environmental cues like sunlight and clocks – People begin to move toward a 25 hour rhythm – When sunlight and clocks are allowed back in, people go back to a 24 hour rhythm within days • Circadian rhythms and sunlight ...
... • Free-running circadian rhythms – rhythms that are not allowed to be affected by environmental cues like sunlight and clocks – People begin to move toward a 25 hour rhythm – When sunlight and clocks are allowed back in, people go back to a 24 hour rhythm within days • Circadian rhythms and sunlight ...
(Nurr1, Nur77, and Nor-1) by Typical and Atypical Antipsychotics i
... areas, compared with CA3 and DG of the hippocampus (Table 1; Figs. 2D and 5D). In contrast to Nur77, antipsychotic drugs did not alter the expression of Nor-1 in the CA1 region. Only risperidone (3 mg/kg) and clozapine increased Nor-1 levels in CA3 (Fig. 4). The effects of typical antipsychotic drug ...
... areas, compared with CA3 and DG of the hippocampus (Table 1; Figs. 2D and 5D). In contrast to Nur77, antipsychotic drugs did not alter the expression of Nor-1 in the CA1 region. Only risperidone (3 mg/kg) and clozapine increased Nor-1 levels in CA3 (Fig. 4). The effects of typical antipsychotic drug ...
The major symptom dimensions of obsessive
... Current neuroanatomical models of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) propose that specific frontal-striatal and limbic circuits are involved in the mediation of its symptoms (Saxena et al., 1998; Remijnse et al., 2005; Mataix-Cols and van den Heuvel, 2006). Whereas the findings of functional neuroima ...
... Current neuroanatomical models of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) propose that specific frontal-striatal and limbic circuits are involved in the mediation of its symptoms (Saxena et al., 1998; Remijnse et al., 2005; Mataix-Cols and van den Heuvel, 2006). Whereas the findings of functional neuroima ...
Whisker sensory system – From receptor to decision
... Understanding how the neocortex transforms physical characteristics into the percept of real things that are ‘‘out there’’ in the world has long been a challenge. A productive approach has been to investigate ‘‘expert’’ cortical processing systems, ones that accomplish complex transformations in a f ...
... Understanding how the neocortex transforms physical characteristics into the percept of real things that are ‘‘out there’’ in the world has long been a challenge. A productive approach has been to investigate ‘‘expert’’ cortical processing systems, ones that accomplish complex transformations in a f ...
Region Specific Micromodularity in the Uppermost Layers in Primate
... pronounced in the pre-Rolandic motor and limbic areas. Although our first impression with PV had suggested a honeycomb pattern, the modularity is not uniform. Rather, it shows a high degree of regional variability in both size and shape, ranging from small-scale honeycomb or reticulum, to largerscal ...
... pronounced in the pre-Rolandic motor and limbic areas. Although our first impression with PV had suggested a honeycomb pattern, the modularity is not uniform. Rather, it shows a high degree of regional variability in both size and shape, ranging from small-scale honeycomb or reticulum, to largerscal ...
Visual Experience Is Necessary for Maintenance But Not
... the RFs in SC became fully refined in the dark, without any delay, yet they could not be maintained if animals remained in the dark as adults. These results are unexpected and important for understanding how early experience may influence the ability to recover from temporary vision loss late in lif ...
... the RFs in SC became fully refined in the dark, without any delay, yet they could not be maintained if animals remained in the dark as adults. These results are unexpected and important for understanding how early experience may influence the ability to recover from temporary vision loss late in lif ...
Molecular Basis for Induction of Ocular Dominance
... The LTD model in visual cortex clearly shares many of the key properties of deprivation-induced synaptic depression, and it clearly has considerable explanatory power. It would be unlucky indeed if the eventual understanding of the molecular basis for the developmental decline in LTD did not yield a ...
... The LTD model in visual cortex clearly shares many of the key properties of deprivation-induced synaptic depression, and it clearly has considerable explanatory power. It would be unlucky indeed if the eventual understanding of the molecular basis for the developmental decline in LTD did not yield a ...
Visual Properties of Neurons in a Polysensory Area in Superior
... Most STP units, 70% of the 199 tested, had little or no preference for stimulus size, shape, orientation, or contrast. These nonselective units would respond similarly to spots and slits of light, to shadows, to slides and photographs of complex objects, and to three-dimensional objects. Many of the ...
... Most STP units, 70% of the 199 tested, had little or no preference for stimulus size, shape, orientation, or contrast. These nonselective units would respond similarly to spots and slits of light, to shadows, to slides and photographs of complex objects, and to three-dimensional objects. Many of the ...
Neuronal morphology in the African elephant (Loxodonta africana
... contradict the long-held, but problematic claim that large brains—such as in cetaceans—lack histological complexity (Kesarev 1975; Glezer et al. 1988). In fact, recent studies on cetacean cerebral cortices have revealed a complex cytoarchitecture, comparable to that observed in many mammals, includi ...
... contradict the long-held, but problematic claim that large brains—such as in cetaceans—lack histological complexity (Kesarev 1975; Glezer et al. 1988). In fact, recent studies on cetacean cerebral cortices have revealed a complex cytoarchitecture, comparable to that observed in many mammals, includi ...
Pain relief produces negative reinforcement through activation of
... How afferent nociceptive pathway(s) modulate the reward circuit is not known. In the rat, major ascending nociceptive pathways from lamina I of the lumbar spinal cord terminate in the lateral parabrachial nucleus (PBN) or in the thalamic nuclei (41, 42). Midbrain dopaminergic neurons receive direct ...
... How afferent nociceptive pathway(s) modulate the reward circuit is not known. In the rat, major ascending nociceptive pathways from lamina I of the lumbar spinal cord terminate in the lateral parabrachial nucleus (PBN) or in the thalamic nuclei (41, 42). Midbrain dopaminergic neurons receive direct ...
A Review of the Relationship between Proinflammatory Cytokines
... communicate rapidly with one another to alter brain biochemical properties when responding to peripheral stimuli (Merrill and Jonakait, 1995). The peripheral immune system is characterized by the processing of immunogenic pathogens and activation of neutrophils and macrophages resulting in the rele ...
... communicate rapidly with one another to alter brain biochemical properties when responding to peripheral stimuli (Merrill and Jonakait, 1995). The peripheral immune system is characterized by the processing of immunogenic pathogens and activation of neutrophils and macrophages resulting in the rele ...
Brainstem (Midbrain/Pons) PP
... Name all the cranial nerves and know their components and functions Identify and locate the CN’s associated with the medulla, pons and midbrain Recognize the major internal and external landmarks on the dorsal and ventral surface of the brain stem, so that you can determine if a gross or stained cro ...
... Name all the cranial nerves and know their components and functions Identify and locate the CN’s associated with the medulla, pons and midbrain Recognize the major internal and external landmarks on the dorsal and ventral surface of the brain stem, so that you can determine if a gross or stained cro ...
Superior Colliculus and Visual Spatial Attention
... the SC in cats can lead to an unexpected recovery from deficits in spatial orienting caused by damage to other parts of the attention network. After the occipital or parietal cortex is lesioned on one side of the brain, cats exhibit visual neglect—the tendency to ignore visual objects presented in th ...
... the SC in cats can lead to an unexpected recovery from deficits in spatial orienting caused by damage to other parts of the attention network. After the occipital or parietal cortex is lesioned on one side of the brain, cats exhibit visual neglect—the tendency to ignore visual objects presented in th ...
Current Challenges Facing the Translation of Brain
... rate) of the individual neuronal components is calculated. Both accuracy and ease of computational processing are dependent upon the combined choice of a spike rate estimator and a spike rate decoder, with simpler methods allowing computations to be performed on a millisecond time scale and more com ...
... rate) of the individual neuronal components is calculated. Both accuracy and ease of computational processing are dependent upon the combined choice of a spike rate estimator and a spike rate decoder, with simpler methods allowing computations to be performed on a millisecond time scale and more com ...
UNER TAN SYNDROME REVIEW
... In family A the PET scans indicated a significantly lower glucose metabolic rate in the right and left cerebellum, including the cerebellar vermis, of the affected individuals compared to unaffected individuals. Cerebral regions other than the cerebellum showed no significant differences between the ...
... In family A the PET scans indicated a significantly lower glucose metabolic rate in the right and left cerebellum, including the cerebellar vermis, of the affected individuals compared to unaffected individuals. Cerebral regions other than the cerebellum showed no significant differences between the ...
Neural correlates for perception of 3d surface orientation from texture
... disparity signals have been found in the parietal (11, 12) and temporal (13, 14) association cortices. However, binocular disparity is not the only cue for depth perception, because we can perceive depth even with one eye closed. Gibson (15) has proposed that texture gradient is an important cue for ...
... disparity signals have been found in the parietal (11, 12) and temporal (13, 14) association cortices. However, binocular disparity is not the only cue for depth perception, because we can perceive depth even with one eye closed. Gibson (15) has proposed that texture gradient is an important cue for ...
What Keeps Us Awake: the Neuropharmacology of Stimulants and
... sleep-wake regulation has been relatively limited, mainly because the dopamine neuron firing rate varies little between sleep and wake states.58,59 However, lesions of dopamine cell groups in the ventral tegmentum that project to the forebrain have been shown to induce a drastic reduction in behavio ...
... sleep-wake regulation has been relatively limited, mainly because the dopamine neuron firing rate varies little between sleep and wake states.58,59 However, lesions of dopamine cell groups in the ventral tegmentum that project to the forebrain have been shown to induce a drastic reduction in behavio ...
Brain Stem Involvement in Immune and Aversive Challenge Jakob Paues
... destroy the aggressor and if this fails, try to limit the extent of the infection. Thus humans can have dormant tuberculosis infections that are locally controlled until the individual become weakened by disease or old age. Likewise, premalignant cells are either destroyed or forced into senescence. ...
... destroy the aggressor and if this fails, try to limit the extent of the infection. Thus humans can have dormant tuberculosis infections that are locally controlled until the individual become weakened by disease or old age. Likewise, premalignant cells are either destroyed or forced into senescence. ...
Essential Tremor Followed by Progressive Supranuclear Palsy
... (1, 2). Rest tremor may also develop in a small proportion of ET patients with long-standing disease or severe action tremor (3). Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a syndrome variably characterized by supranuclear palsy, postural instability, and, in many cases, some degree of parkinsonism. It ...
... (1, 2). Rest tremor may also develop in a small proportion of ET patients with long-standing disease or severe action tremor (3). Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a syndrome variably characterized by supranuclear palsy, postural instability, and, in many cases, some degree of parkinsonism. It ...
Glutamate Receptors
... state are normally blocked by magnesium, which plugs its calcium channel (Figures 5-24 and 5-43). NMDA receptors are an interesting type of "coincidence detector" that can open to let calcium into the neuron to trigger postsynaptic actions from glutamate neurotransmission only when three things occu ...
... state are normally blocked by magnesium, which plugs its calcium channel (Figures 5-24 and 5-43). NMDA receptors are an interesting type of "coincidence detector" that can open to let calcium into the neuron to trigger postsynaptic actions from glutamate neurotransmission only when three things occu ...
Cetacean Brain Evolution: Dwarf Sperm Whale (Kogia sima) and
... In the giant sperm whale, the cerebellum and pons grow more slowly than in most smaller toothed whales and the pyramidal tract develops poorly whereas there is marked growth of the striatum and the inferior olivary complex [Oelschläger and Kemp, 1998]. In the early fetal period, the trigeminal, coch ...
... In the giant sperm whale, the cerebellum and pons grow more slowly than in most smaller toothed whales and the pyramidal tract develops poorly whereas there is marked growth of the striatum and the inferior olivary complex [Oelschläger and Kemp, 1998]. In the early fetal period, the trigeminal, coch ...
Neuronal mechanisms of executive control by the prefrontal cortex
... observations, Stuss and Benson (1986) indicated that frontal patients exhibit a lack of insight and foresight, diminished capacity for planning, and decreased initiative. Similar impairments have also been reported in animals with prefrontal lesions (see reviews by Goldman-Rakic, 1987; Petrides, 199 ...
... observations, Stuss and Benson (1986) indicated that frontal patients exhibit a lack of insight and foresight, diminished capacity for planning, and decreased initiative. Similar impairments have also been reported in animals with prefrontal lesions (see reviews by Goldman-Rakic, 1987; Petrides, 199 ...
pre_print_Blunted_and_exaggerated_cardiac_stress_reactivity
... lasting 52-60 seconds were administered in a blocked design, and each was preceded by a 1017 second rest period where participants fixated on a crosshair. In both MSIT task conditions participants were presented with three numbers in single trials; one number was different from the other two, which ...
... lasting 52-60 seconds were administered in a blocked design, and each was preceded by a 1017 second rest period where participants fixated on a crosshair. In both MSIT task conditions participants were presented with three numbers in single trials; one number was different from the other two, which ...
- Journal of Vestibular Research
... time-course of their vestibular compensation. The results show that the monoaminergic changes are different in the two rat strains. In the MVN of albino rats, there was a bilateral increase of MHPG and an ipsilateral increase of dopamine suggesting activation of norepinephrine synthesis and metaboli ...
... time-course of their vestibular compensation. The results show that the monoaminergic changes are different in the two rat strains. In the MVN of albino rats, there was a bilateral increase of MHPG and an ipsilateral increase of dopamine suggesting activation of norepinephrine synthesis and metaboli ...
The Representation of Biological Classes in the Human Brain
... Evidence of category specificity from neuroimaging in the human visual system is generally limited to a few relatively coarse categorical distinctions— e.g., faces versus bodies, or animals versus artifacts—leaving unknown the neural underpinnings of fine-grained category structure within these larg ...
... Evidence of category specificity from neuroimaging in the human visual system is generally limited to a few relatively coarse categorical distinctions— e.g., faces versus bodies, or animals versus artifacts—leaving unknown the neural underpinnings of fine-grained category structure within these larg ...