Chapter 8: The Nervous System
... 49. Describe how the spinal cord acts as a reflex center and a relay center. Ans: The gray matter of the spinal cord contains the sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons involved in spinal reflexes. The white matter of the spinal cord contains nerve tracts composed of nerve fibers carrying ...
... 49. Describe how the spinal cord acts as a reflex center and a relay center. Ans: The gray matter of the spinal cord contains the sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons involved in spinal reflexes. The white matter of the spinal cord contains nerve tracts composed of nerve fibers carrying ...
The Loss of Glutamate-GABA Harmony in Anxiety Disorders
... indicate the possible targets for searching new psychotropic drugs. When it comes to anxiety disorders, the involvement of different neurochemical pathways were discussed during the past few decades. Several neurotransmitters mediate the different components of anxiety, including excitatory amino ac ...
... indicate the possible targets for searching new psychotropic drugs. When it comes to anxiety disorders, the involvement of different neurochemical pathways were discussed during the past few decades. Several neurotransmitters mediate the different components of anxiety, including excitatory amino ac ...
Molecular Analysis of Developmental Plasticity in Neocortex
... 1992; Schoups et al., 1995), is an IEG-activated effector molecule that can profoundly effect the morphology of developing cortical neurons (McAllister et al., 1995), and has been implicated in formation of ODCs (Cabelli et al., 1995). Other potential activityregulated IEG targets are effector genes ...
... 1992; Schoups et al., 1995), is an IEG-activated effector molecule that can profoundly effect the morphology of developing cortical neurons (McAllister et al., 1995), and has been implicated in formation of ODCs (Cabelli et al., 1995). Other potential activityregulated IEG targets are effector genes ...
Cocaine - World of Teaching
... reasons for the conversion 1) left in this form for long it would lose its potency 2) To purify it to about 99% cocaine purity 3) To make it water soluble. Coke in this form can't be injected or snorted into the bloodstream. Any drug which is injected into the human body must be dissolvable in water ...
... reasons for the conversion 1) left in this form for long it would lose its potency 2) To purify it to about 99% cocaine purity 3) To make it water soluble. Coke in this form can't be injected or snorted into the bloodstream. Any drug which is injected into the human body must be dissolvable in water ...
Neural Mechanisms of Addiction
... It therefore remains essential to relate findings in animals to clinical observations and to human biology. Early efforts with human brain imaging represent a promising step in this process. A great deal is known about the initial interactions of addictive drugs with the nervous system. For example, ...
... It therefore remains essential to relate findings in animals to clinical observations and to human biology. Early efforts with human brain imaging represent a promising step in this process. A great deal is known about the initial interactions of addictive drugs with the nervous system. For example, ...
Expectation of reward modulates cognitive signals in the basal ganglia
... to-be-attended location or object, and reward was given consistently. Here the required cognitive processing was identical for different target locations, but the reward outcome was different. The basal ganglia may direct attention to items associated with reward, whereas the cerebral cortex, especi ...
... to-be-attended location or object, and reward was given consistently. Here the required cognitive processing was identical for different target locations, but the reward outcome was different. The basal ganglia may direct attention to items associated with reward, whereas the cerebral cortex, especi ...
The Constructive Nature of Visual Processing
... have more than 30 areas. Although not all visual areas in humans have yet been identified, the number is likely to be at least as great as in the macaque. If one includes oculomotor areas and prefrontal areas contributing to visual memory, almost half of the cerebral cortex is involved with vision. ...
... have more than 30 areas. Although not all visual areas in humans have yet been identified, the number is likely to be at least as great as in the macaque. If one includes oculomotor areas and prefrontal areas contributing to visual memory, almost half of the cerebral cortex is involved with vision. ...
Resting-state Functional mR imaging
... coherence are affected by physiologic parameters and drugs. Though the acquisition and analysis methods are still evolving, new disease insights are emerging in a variety of neurologic and psychiatric disorders. The default mode network is affected in Alzheimer disease and various other diseases of ...
... coherence are affected by physiologic parameters and drugs. Though the acquisition and analysis methods are still evolving, new disease insights are emerging in a variety of neurologic and psychiatric disorders. The default mode network is affected in Alzheimer disease and various other diseases of ...
Developmental regulation and individual differences of neuronal
... of which mapped to unique locations in the human genome (Table S1). For 2 of the 11 subjects, the NeuN− samples, which are primarily comprised of nonneuronal cells (including glia, microglia, and endothelium), were also processed by ChIP-Seq. To obtain a genome-wide assessment of the 13 datasets (11 ...
... of which mapped to unique locations in the human genome (Table S1). For 2 of the 11 subjects, the NeuN− samples, which are primarily comprised of nonneuronal cells (including glia, microglia, and endothelium), were also processed by ChIP-Seq. To obtain a genome-wide assessment of the 13 datasets (11 ...
Distinct neuroanatomical bases of episodic and semantic memory
... Richmond, 2001). Recent human cognitive neuroscientific studies support this account. For example, Taylor et al. (2006) observed greater PRC activity when healthy participants performed a crossmodal integration task with features belonging to living things (e.g., a picture of a cat and the sound ‘‘me ...
... Richmond, 2001). Recent human cognitive neuroscientific studies support this account. For example, Taylor et al. (2006) observed greater PRC activity when healthy participants performed a crossmodal integration task with features belonging to living things (e.g., a picture of a cat and the sound ‘‘me ...
Dopamine Neurons Mediate a Fast Excitatory Signal
... in Fig. 1 B), DA release decreased from ⬃1 M at site 4 to 30 nM at site 1, which was 2.5 ⫾ 0.3% of the release in the nAcc (at site 4); sites 3 and 2 were intermediate at 26 ⫾ 3 and 9.5 ⫾ 2.5%, respectively (Fig. 1 F). Bath application of the DAT inhibitor nomifensine (10 M, 10 min) dramatically i ...
... in Fig. 1 B), DA release decreased from ⬃1 M at site 4 to 30 nM at site 1, which was 2.5 ⫾ 0.3% of the release in the nAcc (at site 4); sites 3 and 2 were intermediate at 26 ⫾ 3 and 9.5 ⫾ 2.5%, respectively (Fig. 1 F). Bath application of the DAT inhibitor nomifensine (10 M, 10 min) dramatically i ...
The Receptive Fields of Inferior Temporal Cortex Neurons in Natural
... This resulted in a large number of firing rate measurements, each of which was at a given distance from the effective visual stimulus for the cell. [The distance from the target object (S⫹) and the distractor object (S⫺) is plotted in Figure 2. It is clear when the monkey found the target, because a ...
... This resulted in a large number of firing rate measurements, each of which was at a given distance from the effective visual stimulus for the cell. [The distance from the target object (S⫹) and the distractor object (S⫺) is plotted in Figure 2. It is clear when the monkey found the target, because a ...
The neural basis of puberty and adolescence
... In some altricial species, those that are not well developed at birth, steroid-independent mechanisms are primarily responsible for the postnatal changes in the pattern of GnRH secretion. Researchers have studied this most in the rhesus monkey and rat27,36–38. For example, after elimination of gonad ...
... In some altricial species, those that are not well developed at birth, steroid-independent mechanisms are primarily responsible for the postnatal changes in the pattern of GnRH secretion. Researchers have studied this most in the rhesus monkey and rat27,36–38. For example, after elimination of gonad ...
Neurologic Manifestations of Hypoglycemia
... The brain areas most vulnerable to hypoglycemia are (in order) the subiculum, small and medium sized caudate neurons, area CA1 of the hippocampus, the dentate gyrus and superficial cortical layers, specifically layers 2 and 3.10 Damage induced by hypoglycemia in the rat brain was not limited to a pa ...
... The brain areas most vulnerable to hypoglycemia are (in order) the subiculum, small and medium sized caudate neurons, area CA1 of the hippocampus, the dentate gyrus and superficial cortical layers, specifically layers 2 and 3.10 Damage induced by hypoglycemia in the rat brain was not limited to a pa ...
The mirror neuron system and the consequences of its dysfunction
... many skills without the time-consuming process of trial-and-error learning. Imitation is also central to the development of fundamental social skills such as reading facial and other body gestures and for understanding the goals, intentions and desires of other people1,2. Despite its central role in ...
... many skills without the time-consuming process of trial-and-error learning. Imitation is also central to the development of fundamental social skills such as reading facial and other body gestures and for understanding the goals, intentions and desires of other people1,2. Despite its central role in ...
Anatomical organization of the central olfactory
... implies the importance of chemosensation. Due to their well-developed sense of smell and easily accessible nervous system, moths have served as suitable model organisms for researchers exploring general principles underlying odor information processing. Like in other insects, moths perceive odorants ...
... implies the importance of chemosensation. Due to their well-developed sense of smell and easily accessible nervous system, moths have served as suitable model organisms for researchers exploring general principles underlying odor information processing. Like in other insects, moths perceive odorants ...
Conditioned tone control of brain reward behavior produces highly
... candidate for the storage of behaviorally relevant auditory information. In addition to being associative, it is highly specific to the frequency of the conditioned stimulus, discriminative, develops rapidly, consolidates over hours and days, and retained for weeks or months. Moreover, specific RF pla ...
... candidate for the storage of behaviorally relevant auditory information. In addition to being associative, it is highly specific to the frequency of the conditioned stimulus, discriminative, develops rapidly, consolidates over hours and days, and retained for weeks or months. Moreover, specific RF pla ...
Time course of post-traumatic mitochondrial oxidative damage and
... In the present study, we investigate the hypothesis that mitochondrial oxidative damage and dysfunction precede the onset of neuronal loss after controlled cortical impact traumatic brain injury (TBI) in mice. Accordingly, we evaluated the time course of post-traumatic mitochondrial dysfunction in t ...
... In the present study, we investigate the hypothesis that mitochondrial oxidative damage and dysfunction precede the onset of neuronal loss after controlled cortical impact traumatic brain injury (TBI) in mice. Accordingly, we evaluated the time course of post-traumatic mitochondrial dysfunction in t ...
The thalamus as a monitor of motor outputs
... sending a branch to the midbrain, can be treated as a part of a sensory system on the way to the cortex, and when it is, the receptive field properties that relate to retinal coordinates, like centre-surround properties, will be studied. If, however, it is seen as an input to the midbrain, which is ...
... sending a branch to the midbrain, can be treated as a part of a sensory system on the way to the cortex, and when it is, the receptive field properties that relate to retinal coordinates, like centre-surround properties, will be studied. If, however, it is seen as an input to the midbrain, which is ...
Physiology of Ejaculation
... of the SPFp supraspinally and the spinal LSt cells. These neurons express the neuropeptides galanin and cholecystokinin (CCK) [43, 44]. These galanin-specific nerve fibers have also been found to correlate with ejaculation-associated neurons with strong Fos activity, providing further support for a ...
... of the SPFp supraspinally and the spinal LSt cells. These neurons express the neuropeptides galanin and cholecystokinin (CCK) [43, 44]. These galanin-specific nerve fibers have also been found to correlate with ejaculation-associated neurons with strong Fos activity, providing further support for a ...
Interactions between attention, context and learning in primary
... stronger when the cell is simultaneously activated by interlaminar connections, which would be activated by stimuli lying within the receptive field. In the presence of more complex visual environments, and under distributed attention (see below) the facilitation is seen not just with stimuli presen ...
... stronger when the cell is simultaneously activated by interlaminar connections, which would be activated by stimuli lying within the receptive field. In the presence of more complex visual environments, and under distributed attention (see below) the facilitation is seen not just with stimuli presen ...
Mirror neurons in humans: Consisting or confounding
... The widely known discovery of mirror neurons in macaques shows that premotor and parietal cortical areas are not only involved in executing one’s own movement, but are also active when observing the action of others. The goal of this essay is to critically evaluate the substance of functional magnet ...
... The widely known discovery of mirror neurons in macaques shows that premotor and parietal cortical areas are not only involved in executing one’s own movement, but are also active when observing the action of others. The goal of this essay is to critically evaluate the substance of functional magnet ...
Multimodality Imaging
... bring NM, encephalography, MRI, and optical techniques into a clinical and human neuroimaging reality. Much of the attention within this session deals with the major challenge to all attempts to integrate multimodality approaches arising from the realization that distinct physiological mechanisms un ...
... bring NM, encephalography, MRI, and optical techniques into a clinical and human neuroimaging reality. Much of the attention within this session deals with the major challenge to all attempts to integrate multimodality approaches arising from the realization that distinct physiological mechanisms un ...
Capturing Brain Dynamics: a combined neuroscience and
... • 4 lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal ‣ Cerebellum ...
... • 4 lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal ‣ Cerebellum ...
Brain-implantable biomimetic electronics as the next era in neural
... neural network models in question must be miniaturized sufficiently to be implantable, which demands their implementation in at least microchip circuitry. Given the known signaling characteristics of neurons, such an implementation will most likely involve hybrid analog/digital device designs. Fourt ...
... neural network models in question must be miniaturized sufficiently to be implantable, which demands their implementation in at least microchip circuitry. Given the known signaling characteristics of neurons, such an implementation will most likely involve hybrid analog/digital device designs. Fourt ...