The Neural Optimal Control Hierarchy
... as a system capable of learning to approximate an incoming signal given a set of component signals, on a short time-scale. As best as possible, the basal ganglia weights available movement synergies for the generation of novel actions, adjusting the weights over the component set based on sampling s ...
... as a system capable of learning to approximate an incoming signal given a set of component signals, on a short time-scale. As best as possible, the basal ganglia weights available movement synergies for the generation of novel actions, adjusting the weights over the component set based on sampling s ...
Anatomy of the Sympathetic (Thoracolumbar) Division
... Adjacent paravertebral ganglia are connected via ascending and descending preganglionic sympathetic fibers forming longitudinal cords running parallel to the spinal cord. These connecting branches may be referred to as interganglionic rami (ramus = branch). Together with the ganglia, they form the s ...
... Adjacent paravertebral ganglia are connected via ascending and descending preganglionic sympathetic fibers forming longitudinal cords running parallel to the spinal cord. These connecting branches may be referred to as interganglionic rami (ramus = branch). Together with the ganglia, they form the s ...
Update on models of basal ganglia function and dysfunction
... inputs. An example to illustrate the last point is that many basal ganglia neurons and circuits autonomously produce oscillatory firing patterns due to intrinsic membrane properties. Furthermore, the simple models do not take into account more recent anatomical findings, such as the influence of thalam ...
... inputs. An example to illustrate the last point is that many basal ganglia neurons and circuits autonomously produce oscillatory firing patterns due to intrinsic membrane properties. Furthermore, the simple models do not take into account more recent anatomical findings, such as the influence of thalam ...
Motor System: Motor Neurons
... Pathways in BG for motor systems • Input regions • Processing regions – Two pathways through BG • Direct pathway – • Indirect pathway – ...
... Pathways in BG for motor systems • Input regions • Processing regions – Two pathways through BG • Direct pathway – • Indirect pathway – ...
Bischoff_Thesis - The USC Brain Project
... (inhibits motor programs), direct pathway is less capable of responding to current motor command • Slower time constant and higher GPi inhibition -> SMA doesn’t know status of current motor program so doesn’t command the next movement ...
... (inhibits motor programs), direct pathway is less capable of responding to current motor command • Slower time constant and higher GPi inhibition -> SMA doesn’t know status of current motor program so doesn’t command the next movement ...
…By the way, where is the fornix???
... • 2 hemispheres, interconnected by: corpus callosum, anterior commissure, posterior commissure and (in some individuals) interthalamic adhesion. • In each hemisphere: cortex (gyri, sulci), white matter and subcortical structures (including hippocampus, amygdala and basal ganglia). ...
... • 2 hemispheres, interconnected by: corpus callosum, anterior commissure, posterior commissure and (in some individuals) interthalamic adhesion. • In each hemisphere: cortex (gyri, sulci), white matter and subcortical structures (including hippocampus, amygdala and basal ganglia). ...
(5 points).
... Elements of the direct pathway can be found in the so-called____________________. The indirect pathway of the BG is the following: ___________________________________________________________. Overactivation of the indirect pathway leads to the ______________________ of basal ganglia targets. Activ ...
... Elements of the direct pathway can be found in the so-called____________________. The indirect pathway of the BG is the following: ___________________________________________________________. Overactivation of the indirect pathway leads to the ______________________ of basal ganglia targets. Activ ...
Basal Ganglia, Tremor, Vim-DBS, and the Excitability of Spinal Motor
... • GPe neurons send some axons back to striatum. • Although the projections from GPe to GPi are inhibitory, the pattern of activity in GPe replicates that of GPi (the 70-30 distribution of increase/decrease in firing rate). • STN neurons project strongly back to GPe. • SNc send dopaminergic projectio ...
... • GPe neurons send some axons back to striatum. • Although the projections from GPe to GPi are inhibitory, the pattern of activity in GPe replicates that of GPi (the 70-30 distribution of increase/decrease in firing rate). • STN neurons project strongly back to GPe. • SNc send dopaminergic projectio ...
Cerebral cortex and thalamus lecture
... Its nuclei connect with the limbic system, the pituitary and various visceral and somatic nuclei. ...
... Its nuclei connect with the limbic system, the pituitary and various visceral and somatic nuclei. ...
CH3
... The nervous system develops from ectoderm (outer layer) which forms a plate (~day 18) The edges of the plate curl and eventually fuse together forming a neural tube By ~day 28, the rostral end of the neural tube has formed the ventricles and the tissue that surrounds these hollow chambers has form ...
... The nervous system develops from ectoderm (outer layer) which forms a plate (~day 18) The edges of the plate curl and eventually fuse together forming a neural tube By ~day 28, the rostral end of the neural tube has formed the ventricles and the tissue that surrounds these hollow chambers has form ...
Functional Anatomy, Physiology and Clinical Aspects of Basal Ganglia
... The most important elements are striatum and cerebral cortex. Especially in the pyramidal cells of the cerebral cortex and medium spiny neurons of the striatum there is capacity for plastic changes relating to the control of broadly defined mental functions (motor, emotional, cognitive). The cerebra ...
... The most important elements are striatum and cerebral cortex. Especially in the pyramidal cells of the cerebral cortex and medium spiny neurons of the striatum there is capacity for plastic changes relating to the control of broadly defined mental functions (motor, emotional, cognitive). The cerebra ...
Author`s personal copy Computational models of motivated action
... signaled by the input channels (e.g., cortex) to be most salient, with this information passed unmodified by the BG. Other approaches focus on how the BG may learn which actions are most rewarding by experience. This literature is influenced by a wide range of evidence that the BG, and particularly th ...
... signaled by the input channels (e.g., cortex) to be most salient, with this information passed unmodified by the BG. Other approaches focus on how the BG may learn which actions are most rewarding by experience. This literature is influenced by a wide range of evidence that the BG, and particularly th ...
Tract Origin Crossing Synapse Ends Purpose Motor Descending
... striatum (caudate + putamen), globus pallidus (lenticular nucleus when combined with putamen), subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra, nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum basal ganglia evaluate voluntary motor program based on cortical & thalamic inputs → signal to thalamus to initiate or terminate i ...
... striatum (caudate + putamen), globus pallidus (lenticular nucleus when combined with putamen), subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra, nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum basal ganglia evaluate voluntary motor program based on cortical & thalamic inputs → signal to thalamus to initiate or terminate i ...
Basal Ganglia: Internal Organization
... striatum (divided into the caudate nucleus and putamen by the internal capsule in primates and other species), the external segment of the globus pallidus (GPe; simply globus pallidus in rodents), the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi; entopeduncular nucleus (EP) in several species, inclu ...
... striatum (divided into the caudate nucleus and putamen by the internal capsule in primates and other species), the external segment of the globus pallidus (GPe; simply globus pallidus in rodents), the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi; entopeduncular nucleus (EP) in several species, inclu ...
Basal Ganglia
... Recently, it has been demonstrated that some of the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease can be reduced or alleviated by stimulating implants placed in the thalamus, subthalamic nucleus or pallidum. The improvement gained from these electrical stimulating techniques depends on the location of the stimula ...
... Recently, it has been demonstrated that some of the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease can be reduced or alleviated by stimulating implants placed in the thalamus, subthalamic nucleus or pallidum. The improvement gained from these electrical stimulating techniques depends on the location of the stimula ...
Slide ()
... limb of the diagonal band; DR, dorsal raphe; FX, fornix; IC, inferior colliculus; LC, locus ceruleus; LDT, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus; MCP, middle cerebellar peduncle; MGN, medial geniculate nucleus; MR, median raphe; MS, medial septum; MTT, mammillothalamic tract; NTS, nucleus tractus solitariu ...
... limb of the diagonal band; DR, dorsal raphe; FX, fornix; IC, inferior colliculus; LC, locus ceruleus; LDT, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus; MCP, middle cerebellar peduncle; MGN, medial geniculate nucleus; MR, median raphe; MS, medial septum; MTT, mammillothalamic tract; NTS, nucleus tractus solitariu ...
Slide ()
... limb of the diagonal band; DR, dorsal raphe; FX, fornix; IC, inferior colliculus; LC, locus ceruleus; LDT, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus; MCP, middle cerebellar peduncle; MGN, medial geniculate nucleus; MR, median raphe; MS, medial septum; MTT, mammillothalamic tract; NTS, nucleus tractus solitariu ...
... limb of the diagonal band; DR, dorsal raphe; FX, fornix; IC, inferior colliculus; LC, locus ceruleus; LDT, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus; MCP, middle cerebellar peduncle; MGN, medial geniculate nucleus; MR, median raphe; MS, medial septum; MTT, mammillothalamic tract; NTS, nucleus tractus solitariu ...
Unit One: Introduction to Physiology: The Cell and General Physiology
... Fig. 56.7 The left side of this figure shows the basic neuronal circuit of the cerebellum, with the excitatory neurons shown in red, and the inhibitory neuron (Purkinje cell) shown in black. ...
... Fig. 56.7 The left side of this figure shows the basic neuronal circuit of the cerebellum, with the excitatory neurons shown in red, and the inhibitory neuron (Purkinje cell) shown in black. ...
ANPS 019 Beneyto-Santonja 10-31
... Cerebellar Peduncles axons linking the cerebellum & brainstem Inferior Input (ICP) – unconscious proprioception info (what you are doing) o Info from olivary nucleus (motor learning) Middle Input (MCP) – motor info from cortex for coordination (what you WANT to do!) o Forms transverse fibers t ...
... Cerebellar Peduncles axons linking the cerebellum & brainstem Inferior Input (ICP) – unconscious proprioception info (what you are doing) o Info from olivary nucleus (motor learning) Middle Input (MCP) – motor info from cortex for coordination (what you WANT to do!) o Forms transverse fibers t ...
Hello. I`m Michael Farries, a graduate student of David Perkel. I have
... hodology. These extended amygdala structures have projections related to their visceral and limbic functions, while at least large chunks of PA and LPO are more sensorimotor. Second, there are lots of similarities between mammalian dorsal striatum/pallidum and avian PA-LPO/PP that make the case for ...
... hodology. These extended amygdala structures have projections related to their visceral and limbic functions, while at least large chunks of PA and LPO are more sensorimotor. Second, there are lots of similarities between mammalian dorsal striatum/pallidum and avian PA-LPO/PP that make the case for ...
Basal Ganglia - Adaptive Behaviour Research Group
... the brainstem (via the thalamus), and the limbic system. Input connections provide phasic (intermittent) excitatory input. The main output nuclei of the basal ganglia are the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), and the entopeduncular nucleus (EP). Output structures provide extensively branched e ...
... the brainstem (via the thalamus), and the limbic system. Input connections provide phasic (intermittent) excitatory input. The main output nuclei of the basal ganglia are the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), and the entopeduncular nucleus (EP). Output structures provide extensively branched e ...
PSYC465 - neuroanatomy
... Periaqueductal gray mediates the analgesic effects of opiate drugs. Substantia nigra (black substance) – neurons project to striatum; degenerate in PD. Red nucleus – motor pathways from cortex and cerebellum. ...
... Periaqueductal gray mediates the analgesic effects of opiate drugs. Substantia nigra (black substance) – neurons project to striatum; degenerate in PD. Red nucleus – motor pathways from cortex and cerebellum. ...
Tourette-handout
... Detailed records of behavior is needed to diagnose Tourette because there is no known test to determine it ...
... Detailed records of behavior is needed to diagnose Tourette because there is no known test to determine it ...
Basal ganglia
The basal ganglia (or basal nuclei) comprise multiple subcortical nuclei, of varied origin, in the brains of vertebrates, which are situated at the base of the forebrain. Basal ganglia nuclei are strongly interconnected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and brainstem, as well as several other brain areas. The basal ganglia are associated with a variety of functions including: control of voluntary motor movements, procedural learning, routine behaviors or ""habits"" such as bruxism, eye movements, cognition and emotion.The main components of the basal ganglia – as defined functionally – are the dorsal striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen), ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle), globus pallidus, ventral pallidum, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. It is important to note, however, that the dorsal striatum and globus pallidus may be considered anatomically distinct from the substantia nigra, nucleus accumbens, and subthalamic nucleus. Each of these components has a complex internal anatomical and neurochemical organization. The largest component, the striatum (dorsal and ventral), receives input from many brain areas beyond the basal ganglia, but only sends output to other components of the basal ganglia. The pallidum receives input from the striatum, and sends inhibitory output to a number of motor-related areas. The substantia nigra is the source of the striatal input of the neurotransmitter dopamine, which plays an important role in basal ganglia function. The subthalamic nucleus receives input mainly from the striatum and cerebral cortex, and projects to the globus pallidus.Currently, popular theories implicate the basal ganglia primarily in action selection; that is, it helps determine the decision of which of several possible behaviors to execute at any given time. In more specific terms, the basal ganglia's primary function is likely to control and regulate activities of the motor and premotor cortical areas so that voluntary movements can be performed smoothly. Experimental studies show that the basal ganglia exert an inhibitory influence on a number of motor systems, and that a release of this inhibition permits a motor system to become active. The ""behavior switching"" that takes place within the basal ganglia is influenced by signals from many parts of the brain, including the prefrontal cortex, which plays a key role in executive functions.The importance of these subcortical nuclei for normal brain function and behavior is emphasized by the numerous and diverse neurological conditions associated with basal ganglia dysfunction, which include: disorders of behavior control such as Tourette syndrome, hemiballismus, and obsessive–compulsive disorder; dystonia; psychostimulant addiction; and movement disorders, the most notable of which are Parkinson's disease, which involves degeneration of the dopamine-producing cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta, and Huntington's disease, which primarily involves damage to the striatum. The basal ganglia have a limbic sector whose components are assigned distinct names: the nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum, and ventral tegmental area (VTA). There is considerable evidence that this limbic part plays a central role in reward learning, particularly a pathway from the VTA to the nucleus accumbens that uses the neurotransmitter dopamine. A number of highly addictive drugs, including cocaine, amphetamine, and nicotine, are thought to work by increasing the efficacy of this dopamine signal. There is also evidence implicating overactivity of the VTA dopaminergic projection in schizophrenia.