Sympathetic Chain
... Superior Cervical ganglia Middle Cervical Ganglia Inferior Cervical ganglia Sometimes Inferior cervical and first Thoracic fuse to form a Cervico-Thoracic or Stellate Ganglia ...
... Superior Cervical ganglia Middle Cervical Ganglia Inferior Cervical ganglia Sometimes Inferior cervical and first Thoracic fuse to form a Cervico-Thoracic or Stellate Ganglia ...
Part 1 - Kirkwood Community College
... their tracts • It is responsible for communication between: – The cerebral cortex, the lower CNS center, and areas of the cerebrum ...
... their tracts • It is responsible for communication between: – The cerebral cortex, the lower CNS center, and areas of the cerebrum ...
Motor systems(W)
... Treatment of Parkinson’s disease • prior to 1960s there were no effective treatments • realisation of dopamine’s involvement led to use of drugs which increase brain dopamine • dopamine itself cannot cross from the blood to the brain • use precursor, L-DOPA, which enters the brain and is converted ...
... Treatment of Parkinson’s disease • prior to 1960s there were no effective treatments • realisation of dopamine’s involvement led to use of drugs which increase brain dopamine • dopamine itself cannot cross from the blood to the brain • use precursor, L-DOPA, which enters the brain and is converted ...
Autonomic Nervous System
... Parasympathetic Division • Preganglionic cell bodies in nuclei of brainstem or lateral parts of spinal cord gray matter from S2-S4 – Preganglionic axons from brain pass to ganglia through cranial nerves – Preganglionic axons from sacral region pass through pelvic nerves to ganglia ...
... Parasympathetic Division • Preganglionic cell bodies in nuclei of brainstem or lateral parts of spinal cord gray matter from S2-S4 – Preganglionic axons from brain pass to ganglia through cranial nerves – Preganglionic axons from sacral region pass through pelvic nerves to ganglia ...
hydroxytryptamine-containing neurons in the snail Effect of
... hydroxylase activity of both sympathetic ganglia and adrenal medulla (Molinoff & Axelrod, 1971). However, the mechanism of such neurally mediated changes in enzyme activity is not yet understood. We have examined the effect of raising the external K+ concentration as a depolarizing stimulus on the t ...
... hydroxylase activity of both sympathetic ganglia and adrenal medulla (Molinoff & Axelrod, 1971). However, the mechanism of such neurally mediated changes in enzyme activity is not yet understood. We have examined the effect of raising the external K+ concentration as a depolarizing stimulus on the t ...
Review of Thoracic and Abdominal Autonomics
... 2. Motor (efferent) neurons that connect to effector organs (muscles and glands) 3. Interneurons that connect other neurons together. Sensory and motor neurons can be further divided into somatic neurons that go to the body wall and limbs and are mainly responsible for conscious phenomena, and visce ...
... 2. Motor (efferent) neurons that connect to effector organs (muscles and glands) 3. Interneurons that connect other neurons together. Sensory and motor neurons can be further divided into somatic neurons that go to the body wall and limbs and are mainly responsible for conscious phenomena, and visce ...
Nucleus basalis of Meynert - Viktor`s Notes for the Neurosurgery
... comes from the retina via the lateral geniculate body and V1. This carries information about what is actually outside. The second (B) is a top-down component in which the input to the higher visual cortex comes from other areas of the cortex. This carries information about what the brain computes is ...
... comes from the retina via the lateral geniculate body and V1. This carries information about what is actually outside. The second (B) is a top-down component in which the input to the higher visual cortex comes from other areas of the cortex. This carries information about what the brain computes is ...
NEURO-FOR-THE-NOT-SO-NEURO
... • Illusions—distortion of an ongoing stimuli • Drugs and hallucinations—boosting dopamine triggers hallucinations—drugs for Parkinson’s disease, hallucinogenic drugs and mushrooms, ETOH withdrawal, ...
... • Illusions—distortion of an ongoing stimuli • Drugs and hallucinations—boosting dopamine triggers hallucinations—drugs for Parkinson’s disease, hallucinogenic drugs and mushrooms, ETOH withdrawal, ...
Lecture 3 Slides
... in ADHD, autism • Neuroimaging studies show activation of cerebellum during higher-level cognitive tasks – Ask for references if you are interested ...
... in ADHD, autism • Neuroimaging studies show activation of cerebellum during higher-level cognitive tasks – Ask for references if you are interested ...
Three-dimensional reconstruction of the lentiform nucleus from
... by using serial macroscopic anatomic sections, taken from a human cadaver. When the rendered form of this wire-frame reconstruction was examined, it was found that both the putamen and globus pallidus had upper and lower poles. The distances between the upper and lower poles were 2.23 cm in the puta ...
... by using serial macroscopic anatomic sections, taken from a human cadaver. When the rendered form of this wire-frame reconstruction was examined, it was found that both the putamen and globus pallidus had upper and lower poles. The distances between the upper and lower poles were 2.23 cm in the puta ...
Brainstem and Cranial Nerves 3
... Peduncles are ‘stalk-like’ connecting structures joining up parts of the brain There are three pairs of cerebellar peduncles linking the pons to the cerebellum o The small inferior cerebellar peduncles arise infero-medially in the caudal pons o The large middle cerebellar peduncles laterally span th ...
... Peduncles are ‘stalk-like’ connecting structures joining up parts of the brain There are three pairs of cerebellar peduncles linking the pons to the cerebellum o The small inferior cerebellar peduncles arise infero-medially in the caudal pons o The large middle cerebellar peduncles laterally span th ...
The Cerebellum
... nuclei and reticular formation → vestibulospinal tract and reticulospinal tract → motor neurons of anterior horn Intermediate zone projects to the interposed nuclei ...
... nuclei and reticular formation → vestibulospinal tract and reticulospinal tract → motor neurons of anterior horn Intermediate zone projects to the interposed nuclei ...
PDF
... the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) and the ventral pallidum (VP). These nuclei project in turn to the ventral anterior (VA) and mediodorsal (MD) thalamic nuclei, which are reciprocally connected with the frontal cortex. Information from the striatum can also reach the output nuclei via the ‘ ...
... the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) and the ventral pallidum (VP). These nuclei project in turn to the ventral anterior (VA) and mediodorsal (MD) thalamic nuclei, which are reciprocally connected with the frontal cortex. Information from the striatum can also reach the output nuclei via the ‘ ...
Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2007 Bogacz
... nels, so it expresses the amount of conflict between alternatives. Thus, according to Equation I, the more conflict between alternatives, the higher the integrated evidence for the winning alternative needs to be for OUTi to decrease below the threshold. Figure I in this box shows the proposed mappi ...
... nels, so it expresses the amount of conflict between alternatives. Thus, according to Equation I, the more conflict between alternatives, the higher the integrated evidence for the winning alternative needs to be for OUTi to decrease below the threshold. Figure I in this box shows the proposed mappi ...
Optimal decision-making theories: linking neurobiology with behaviour
... nels, so it expresses the amount of conflict between alternatives. Thus, according to Equation I, the more conflict between alternatives, the higher the integrated evidence for the winning alternative needs to be for OUTi to decrease below the threshold. Figure I in this box shows the proposed mappi ...
... nels, so it expresses the amount of conflict between alternatives. Thus, according to Equation I, the more conflict between alternatives, the higher the integrated evidence for the winning alternative needs to be for OUTi to decrease below the threshold. Figure I in this box shows the proposed mappi ...
Chapter 122: Neurocircuitry Of Parkinson`s Disease
... or the STN is not clear. Thus, studies of the electrophysiologic properties of corticostriatal projection neurons have shown that these neurons are different from corticospinal projection neurons (20,295) and tend to have slower conduction velocities and lower spontaneous rates, and are usually not ...
... or the STN is not clear. Thus, studies of the electrophysiologic properties of corticostriatal projection neurons have shown that these neurons are different from corticospinal projection neurons (20,295) and tend to have slower conduction velocities and lower spontaneous rates, and are usually not ...
The Brainstem
... • Red nucleus – arm flexion, damage results in a decerebrate posture which is a poor clinical sign • Cerebral peduncles – axons of descending motor neurons to innervate the brainstem and spinal cord ...
... • Red nucleus – arm flexion, damage results in a decerebrate posture which is a poor clinical sign • Cerebral peduncles – axons of descending motor neurons to innervate the brainstem and spinal cord ...
凌树才_边缘系统
... anthropologist. He is best known for his research on Broca's area, a region of the frontal lobe that has been named after him. The term “le grand lobe limbique” (边缘叶)was first used by Broca in 1878. ...
... anthropologist. He is best known for his research on Broca's area, a region of the frontal lobe that has been named after him. The term “le grand lobe limbique” (边缘叶)was first used by Broca in 1878. ...
Cortical and basal ganglia contributions to habit learning and
... interconnections among the most important basal ganglia structures are shown in Figure I. The striatum is a major input structure within the basal ganglia that includes two parallel structures known as the caudate nucleus and the putamen. The striatum receives massive and highly convergent input fro ...
... interconnections among the most important basal ganglia structures are shown in Figure I. The striatum is a major input structure within the basal ganglia that includes two parallel structures known as the caudate nucleus and the putamen. The striatum receives massive and highly convergent input fro ...
NA EXAM 3 (May 2001)
... Located in rostral pons and midbrain near periventricular and periaqueductal gray matter. Nucleus contains cell bodies of primary afferent neurons which signal jaw length (jaw proprioception), not synapses. Primary afferent neurons continue to the principle trigeminal nucleus where the neurons synap ...
... Located in rostral pons and midbrain near periventricular and periaqueductal gray matter. Nucleus contains cell bodies of primary afferent neurons which signal jaw length (jaw proprioception), not synapses. Primary afferent neurons continue to the principle trigeminal nucleus where the neurons synap ...
敌獳湯⌠ⴷ8
... is thus also called the vestibulocerebellum. Anatomically, it consists mainly of the flocculus and nodulus (flocculonodular lobe). The paleocerebellum (next oldest portion of the cerebellum, after the archicerebellum) receives most of its afferent input from the spinal cord and is, therefore, also c ...
... is thus also called the vestibulocerebellum. Anatomically, it consists mainly of the flocculus and nodulus (flocculonodular lobe). The paleocerebellum (next oldest portion of the cerebellum, after the archicerebellum) receives most of its afferent input from the spinal cord and is, therefore, also c ...
The neural circuitry necessary for decision making by
... competing inputs generates cortical signal accumulation (right). Inputs are both step inputs of onset t = 1 and offset t = 3. ...
... competing inputs generates cortical signal accumulation (right). Inputs are both step inputs of onset t = 1 and offset t = 3. ...
(Full text - MSWord file 171K)
... 2.1 Houk, Adams and Barto (1995) One of the first actor-critic models of the basal ganglia was presented by Houk et al. (1995). This model suggests that striosomal modules fulfill the main functions of the adaptive critic, whereas matrix modules function as an actor. Striosomal modules comprise of ...
... 2.1 Houk, Adams and Barto (1995) One of the first actor-critic models of the basal ganglia was presented by Houk et al. (1995). This model suggests that striosomal modules fulfill the main functions of the adaptive critic, whereas matrix modules function as an actor. Striosomal modules comprise of ...
REVIEW OF LIMBIC SYSTEM, HYPOTHALAMUS, THALAMUS
... It receives the major dopaminergic “reward system” (mesolimbic) projections from the ventral tegmental area of the midbrain. Its neurons have receptors to most chemical substances of abuse (opioids, nicotine), but also is activated by other pleasurable experiences (eg. food, even music). Amygdaloid ...
... It receives the major dopaminergic “reward system” (mesolimbic) projections from the ventral tegmental area of the midbrain. Its neurons have receptors to most chemical substances of abuse (opioids, nicotine), but also is activated by other pleasurable experiences (eg. food, even music). Amygdaloid ...
Basal ganglia
The basal ganglia (or basal nuclei) comprise multiple subcortical nuclei, of varied origin, in the brains of vertebrates, which are situated at the base of the forebrain. Basal ganglia nuclei are strongly interconnected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and brainstem, as well as several other brain areas. The basal ganglia are associated with a variety of functions including: control of voluntary motor movements, procedural learning, routine behaviors or ""habits"" such as bruxism, eye movements, cognition and emotion.The main components of the basal ganglia – as defined functionally – are the dorsal striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen), ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle), globus pallidus, ventral pallidum, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. It is important to note, however, that the dorsal striatum and globus pallidus may be considered anatomically distinct from the substantia nigra, nucleus accumbens, and subthalamic nucleus. Each of these components has a complex internal anatomical and neurochemical organization. The largest component, the striatum (dorsal and ventral), receives input from many brain areas beyond the basal ganglia, but only sends output to other components of the basal ganglia. The pallidum receives input from the striatum, and sends inhibitory output to a number of motor-related areas. The substantia nigra is the source of the striatal input of the neurotransmitter dopamine, which plays an important role in basal ganglia function. The subthalamic nucleus receives input mainly from the striatum and cerebral cortex, and projects to the globus pallidus.Currently, popular theories implicate the basal ganglia primarily in action selection; that is, it helps determine the decision of which of several possible behaviors to execute at any given time. In more specific terms, the basal ganglia's primary function is likely to control and regulate activities of the motor and premotor cortical areas so that voluntary movements can be performed smoothly. Experimental studies show that the basal ganglia exert an inhibitory influence on a number of motor systems, and that a release of this inhibition permits a motor system to become active. The ""behavior switching"" that takes place within the basal ganglia is influenced by signals from many parts of the brain, including the prefrontal cortex, which plays a key role in executive functions.The importance of these subcortical nuclei for normal brain function and behavior is emphasized by the numerous and diverse neurological conditions associated with basal ganglia dysfunction, which include: disorders of behavior control such as Tourette syndrome, hemiballismus, and obsessive–compulsive disorder; dystonia; psychostimulant addiction; and movement disorders, the most notable of which are Parkinson's disease, which involves degeneration of the dopamine-producing cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta, and Huntington's disease, which primarily involves damage to the striatum. The basal ganglia have a limbic sector whose components are assigned distinct names: the nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum, and ventral tegmental area (VTA). There is considerable evidence that this limbic part plays a central role in reward learning, particularly a pathway from the VTA to the nucleus accumbens that uses the neurotransmitter dopamine. A number of highly addictive drugs, including cocaine, amphetamine, and nicotine, are thought to work by increasing the efficacy of this dopamine signal. There is also evidence implicating overactivity of the VTA dopaminergic projection in schizophrenia.