Eagleman Ch 7. The Motor System
... structures deep within the white matter. The basal ganglia initiate and maintain activity in the cortex. ...
... structures deep within the white matter. The basal ganglia initiate and maintain activity in the cortex. ...
Ascending Spinal Tracts
... association with spinothalamic system. Primary afferents reach dorsal horn through dorsal roots and terminate on 2nd order neurons The cell bodies of 2nd order neuron lie in base of the dorsal horn. Axons of 2nd order neuron cross to opposite side, and project to the periaquiductal gray matter and s ...
... association with spinothalamic system. Primary afferents reach dorsal horn through dorsal roots and terminate on 2nd order neurons The cell bodies of 2nd order neuron lie in base of the dorsal horn. Axons of 2nd order neuron cross to opposite side, and project to the periaquiductal gray matter and s ...
brainstem
... • Lateral Corticospinal Tract – Originates in large pyramidal cells (precentral gyrus) – cross to the opposite side of the cord at the pyramidal decussation & terminate in the dorsal horn cells • Ventral Corticospinal Tract – Originates in the pyramidal cells (motor area of the cortex) Impulses rela ...
... • Lateral Corticospinal Tract – Originates in large pyramidal cells (precentral gyrus) – cross to the opposite side of the cord at the pyramidal decussation & terminate in the dorsal horn cells • Ventral Corticospinal Tract – Originates in the pyramidal cells (motor area of the cortex) Impulses rela ...
The basal ganglia and cortex implement optimal decision making
... Kayahara, Tsutsumi, & Ushiro, 2000) and subthalamic nucleus (STN) (Smith et al., 1998). The striatum is the largest basal ganglia nucleus and is divided into two populations of projection neurons differentiated, inter alia, by their anatomical targets and preferential dopamine receptor type (Gerfen ...
... Kayahara, Tsutsumi, & Ushiro, 2000) and subthalamic nucleus (STN) (Smith et al., 1998). The striatum is the largest basal ganglia nucleus and is divided into two populations of projection neurons differentiated, inter alia, by their anatomical targets and preferential dopamine receptor type (Gerfen ...
26_1986 Wasilewska
... Key words: mammals, striatum, globus pallidus, morphometric analysis The striatum (St, or caudoputamen complex, or dorsal striatum) and globus pallidus (GP or GPe in primates) belong to the mammalian basal ganglia. The St and GP are defined as the corpus striatum. A morphometric study of the mammali ...
... Key words: mammals, striatum, globus pallidus, morphometric analysis The striatum (St, or caudoputamen complex, or dorsal striatum) and globus pallidus (GP or GPe in primates) belong to the mammalian basal ganglia. The St and GP are defined as the corpus striatum. A morphometric study of the mammali ...
Chapter 10: Hormonal Control Systems
... In what structure are the cell bodies of sensory neurons located? Via what structure do afferent axons enter the spinal cord? What would be the consequences of severing one of these structures? Via what structure to efferent axons leave the spinal cord? What would be the consequences of severing one ...
... In what structure are the cell bodies of sensory neurons located? Via what structure do afferent axons enter the spinal cord? What would be the consequences of severing one of these structures? Via what structure to efferent axons leave the spinal cord? What would be the consequences of severing one ...
Reticular formation
... slow wave sleep (SWS),increased rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, fragmented sleep etc. These abnormalities reflects an overactivity of pendunculopontine nucleus (PPN) of reticular activating system. Many studies emphasized the relationship of increased cholinergic output of PPN and the negative sympt ...
... slow wave sleep (SWS),increased rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, fragmented sleep etc. These abnormalities reflects an overactivity of pendunculopontine nucleus (PPN) of reticular activating system. Many studies emphasized the relationship of increased cholinergic output of PPN and the negative sympt ...
Nolte – Chapter 3 (Gross Anatomy and General
... This is just below the mammilarry bodies The infundibulum is superior to mammillary bodies. o IV the only to emerge from the dorsal side Just caudal to the inferior colliculi o V emerges from the lateral portion of the basal pons. Miscellaneous o Thalamocortical fibers are uncrossed o Cerebell ...
... This is just below the mammilarry bodies The infundibulum is superior to mammillary bodies. o IV the only to emerge from the dorsal side Just caudal to the inferior colliculi o V emerges from the lateral portion of the basal pons. Miscellaneous o Thalamocortical fibers are uncrossed o Cerebell ...
The functional anatomy of basal ganglia disorders
... excitatory and possibly glutamatergic 6'7. The neurotransmitter of SNc neurons is dopamine (DA). The striatum is primarily composed of projection neurons 8'9. Studies in rats suggested that striatal projection neurons give rise to extensive collateral projections with axons from a single neuron goin ...
... excitatory and possibly glutamatergic 6'7. The neurotransmitter of SNc neurons is dopamine (DA). The striatum is primarily composed of projection neurons 8'9. Studies in rats suggested that striatal projection neurons give rise to extensive collateral projections with axons from a single neuron goin ...
1- The central nervous system
... 2-The peripheral nervous system: consists of: A-spinal, cranial nerves and the ganglia that are connected to the CNS B- Autonomic nervous system: ...
... 2-The peripheral nervous system: consists of: A-spinal, cranial nerves and the ganglia that are connected to the CNS B- Autonomic nervous system: ...
Reinforcement Learning and the Basal Ganglia
... which is innervated by excitatory (glutmatergic) pyramidal neurons from all areas of the neocortex, via a massive converging corticostriatal projection. The striatum is a relatively homogenous structure composed mainly (90-95%) of medium sized spiny cells which are GABAergic projection neurons, whil ...
... which is innervated by excitatory (glutmatergic) pyramidal neurons from all areas of the neocortex, via a massive converging corticostriatal projection. The striatum is a relatively homogenous structure composed mainly (90-95%) of medium sized spiny cells which are GABAergic projection neurons, whil ...
Nervous system Sense cells and organs
... The entire body can respond to a complex pattern of stimuli Photoreceptive cells can be grouped together with other cells to form an eye The of some animals contains accessory structures, such as lens, which can focus an image on sensory neurons The sensory neurons encode and transmit the image data ...
... The entire body can respond to a complex pattern of stimuli Photoreceptive cells can be grouped together with other cells to form an eye The of some animals contains accessory structures, such as lens, which can focus an image on sensory neurons The sensory neurons encode and transmit the image data ...
ppt file
... nucleus accumbens, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, subthalamic nucleus. • In principle the claustrum and the amygdala are part of this collection. ...
... nucleus accumbens, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, subthalamic nucleus. • In principle the claustrum and the amygdala are part of this collection. ...
PT 311 NEUROSCIENCE
... Buried deep within the hemispheres are the basal ganglia (Figure 4), which are large gray matter structures concerned with modulating thalamic interactions with the frontal lobe. (The term ‘ganglion’ is not usually used for clusters of neurons inside the central nervous system; this is an exception. ...
... Buried deep within the hemispheres are the basal ganglia (Figure 4), which are large gray matter structures concerned with modulating thalamic interactions with the frontal lobe. (The term ‘ganglion’ is not usually used for clusters of neurons inside the central nervous system; this is an exception. ...
Neuroscience 14a – Introduction to Consciousness
... The thalamus is contained in the mid-part of the diencephalon and is split up into a number of different nuclei which perform 3 main tasks: o Cholinergic projections excite the individual thalamic relay nuclei which lead to activation of the cerebral cortex. o Cholinergic projections to the intralam ...
... The thalamus is contained in the mid-part of the diencephalon and is split up into a number of different nuclei which perform 3 main tasks: o Cholinergic projections excite the individual thalamic relay nuclei which lead to activation of the cerebral cortex. o Cholinergic projections to the intralam ...
Cerebrum - ISpatula
... response to visual stimuli 2 inferior colliculi that control reflex movements of the head, neck, and trunk in response to auditory stimuli Cranial nerves (oculomotor III and trochlear IV) exit from the midbrain ...
... response to visual stimuli 2 inferior colliculi that control reflex movements of the head, neck, and trunk in response to auditory stimuli Cranial nerves (oculomotor III and trochlear IV) exit from the midbrain ...
motor cortex
... reticulospinal pathways rubrospinal system (from the red nucleus) is also sometimes included, but in humans it may be insignificant. Olivospinalis from the oliva nucleus ...
... reticulospinal pathways rubrospinal system (from the red nucleus) is also sometimes included, but in humans it may be insignificant. Olivospinalis from the oliva nucleus ...
Dear Notetaker:
... of the object is lost. The technical way to say this is “there is increasingly less retinotopic organization” in post-V1 areas. a. “Retinotopic organization” means that parts of the visual world that are spatially adjacent to each other are processed by neurons that are spatial adjacent b. However, ...
... of the object is lost. The technical way to say this is “there is increasingly less retinotopic organization” in post-V1 areas. a. “Retinotopic organization” means that parts of the visual world that are spatially adjacent to each other are processed by neurons that are spatial adjacent b. However, ...
Consciousness, Emotion, and Imagination: A Brain
... basal ganglia circuits originate in cortex, then traverse a number of nuclei of the basal ganglia, and finally pass through the thalamus on their way back to the cortical site from which they originated. The projections up to cortex are thought to effect action selection by suppressing all motor out ...
... basal ganglia circuits originate in cortex, then traverse a number of nuclei of the basal ganglia, and finally pass through the thalamus on their way back to the cortical site from which they originated. The projections up to cortex are thought to effect action selection by suppressing all motor out ...
Oral Pharmacotherapy of Childhood Movement Disorders
... directly to the medial segment of the globus pallidus and the substantia nigra pars reticularis, inhibiting these nuclei. The indirect pathway consists of the GABAergic neurons that project to the lateral segment of the globus pallidus. Inhibitory neurons from the globus pallidus synapse on neurons ...
... directly to the medial segment of the globus pallidus and the substantia nigra pars reticularis, inhibiting these nuclei. The indirect pathway consists of the GABAergic neurons that project to the lateral segment of the globus pallidus. Inhibitory neurons from the globus pallidus synapse on neurons ...
Cortical Control of Motor Function-L18
... functions in concert with premotor area to provide attitudinal, fixation or positional movement for the body it provides the background for fine motor control of the arms and hands by premotor and primary motor cortex University of Jordan ...
... functions in concert with premotor area to provide attitudinal, fixation or positional movement for the body it provides the background for fine motor control of the arms and hands by premotor and primary motor cortex University of Jordan ...
The basal ganglia: from motor commands to the
... Functional architecture of the dorsal basal ganglia circuit in mammals. A schematic representation of the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic circuit is shown; further anatomical details can be found elsewhere [6]. A number of features of the organization are mentioned in the main text and highlighted he ...
... Functional architecture of the dorsal basal ganglia circuit in mammals. A schematic representation of the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic circuit is shown; further anatomical details can be found elsewhere [6]. A number of features of the organization are mentioned in the main text and highlighted he ...
Basal ganglia
The basal ganglia (or basal nuclei) comprise multiple subcortical nuclei, of varied origin, in the brains of vertebrates, which are situated at the base of the forebrain. Basal ganglia nuclei are strongly interconnected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and brainstem, as well as several other brain areas. The basal ganglia are associated with a variety of functions including: control of voluntary motor movements, procedural learning, routine behaviors or ""habits"" such as bruxism, eye movements, cognition and emotion.The main components of the basal ganglia – as defined functionally – are the dorsal striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen), ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle), globus pallidus, ventral pallidum, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. It is important to note, however, that the dorsal striatum and globus pallidus may be considered anatomically distinct from the substantia nigra, nucleus accumbens, and subthalamic nucleus. Each of these components has a complex internal anatomical and neurochemical organization. The largest component, the striatum (dorsal and ventral), receives input from many brain areas beyond the basal ganglia, but only sends output to other components of the basal ganglia. The pallidum receives input from the striatum, and sends inhibitory output to a number of motor-related areas. The substantia nigra is the source of the striatal input of the neurotransmitter dopamine, which plays an important role in basal ganglia function. The subthalamic nucleus receives input mainly from the striatum and cerebral cortex, and projects to the globus pallidus.Currently, popular theories implicate the basal ganglia primarily in action selection; that is, it helps determine the decision of which of several possible behaviors to execute at any given time. In more specific terms, the basal ganglia's primary function is likely to control and regulate activities of the motor and premotor cortical areas so that voluntary movements can be performed smoothly. Experimental studies show that the basal ganglia exert an inhibitory influence on a number of motor systems, and that a release of this inhibition permits a motor system to become active. The ""behavior switching"" that takes place within the basal ganglia is influenced by signals from many parts of the brain, including the prefrontal cortex, which plays a key role in executive functions.The importance of these subcortical nuclei for normal brain function and behavior is emphasized by the numerous and diverse neurological conditions associated with basal ganglia dysfunction, which include: disorders of behavior control such as Tourette syndrome, hemiballismus, and obsessive–compulsive disorder; dystonia; psychostimulant addiction; and movement disorders, the most notable of which are Parkinson's disease, which involves degeneration of the dopamine-producing cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta, and Huntington's disease, which primarily involves damage to the striatum. The basal ganglia have a limbic sector whose components are assigned distinct names: the nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum, and ventral tegmental area (VTA). There is considerable evidence that this limbic part plays a central role in reward learning, particularly a pathway from the VTA to the nucleus accumbens that uses the neurotransmitter dopamine. A number of highly addictive drugs, including cocaine, amphetamine, and nicotine, are thought to work by increasing the efficacy of this dopamine signal. There is also evidence implicating overactivity of the VTA dopaminergic projection in schizophrenia.