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DNA in Action! A 3D Swarm-based Model of a Gene Regulatory
DNA in Action! A 3D Swarm-based Model of a Gene Regulatory

... usually found near or on the DNA, which we have incorporated into the model. Once RNA polymerase attaches to a DNA region, it starts scanning along the chain of nucleotide bases (codons). Transcription occurs once RNA polymerase has encountered a viable promoter region. Genes adjacent to the promote ...
1. Diagram the biosynthetic pathway  fiom UMP),
1. Diagram the biosynthetic pathway fiom UMP),

... and different fhm these enzymes? (5%) ...
PCR – polymerace chain reaction
PCR – polymerace chain reaction

...  No harm (for binding) of one or two mismatches  Primers can be designed to contain errors  Binding is not disturbed SILENT MUTATION: one base is placed by another base, witch won’t change amino acid sequence ...
Protein Synthesis Study Sheet
Protein Synthesis Study Sheet

... Draw 2 DIFFERENT proteins. What makes them different? What is the difference between a protein and a nucleic acid? What is the difference between a nucleic acid and a nucleotide? From where do ribosomes orginate? Draw the structures of each of the four DNA bases (pyrimidines & purines). Relate the f ...
Systems Biology Conceptual Modeling by Means of Discrete
Systems Biology Conceptual Modeling by Means of Discrete

... polypeptides (proteins). Following post-transcriptional processing, mRNA transcribed from DNA (gene) in the nucleus, migrates to the cytoplasm (shown in figure 7), where mRNAs are read, and proteins assembled, on the ribosome, which are structures composed of rRNA and proteins. Transfer RNA (tRNA) i ...
Transcription
Transcription

... Transcription is catalyzed by RNA polymerase The enzyme that catalyzes RNA synthesis is called RNA polymerase. As in DNA replication, the nucleotide sequence of the RNA chain is determined by base pairing between incoming nucleotides and the DNA template. When a match is made, the incoming ribonucle ...
Lac Operon
Lac Operon

... Negative and positive control of the lac operon by the Lac repressor and catabolite activator protein (CAP), respec-tively. (a) In the absence of lactose to serve as an inducer, the Lac repressor is able to bind the operator; regardless of the levels of cAMP and the presence of CAP, mRNA production ...
Strings and Sequences in Biology
Strings and Sequences in Biology

... • orientation (read from 5’ to 3’ end) • length measured in bp (base pairs) • double stranded, the two strands are antiparallel • A - T and C - G complementary (Watson-Crick pairs) • reverse complement: (ACCTG)rc = CAGGT ...
genetics (chapter 19-22)
genetics (chapter 19-22)

... nucleotide sequence of the template strand. 6 – Describe how a ‘genome’ is organized. genome ...
Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein
Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein

... There are sections of the RNA besides the polyA tail and the 5’ cap that will not be translated. These regions at the 5’ and 3’ ends are called UTR for untranslated regions 2. SPLIT GENES AND RNA SPLICING Translation modifications: noncoding and coding sequences Most eukaryotic genes and their RNA t ...
Investigating regulation of aging by transcription factors DAF 16 and
Investigating regulation of aging by transcription factors DAF 16 and

... varying concentrations of 5-hydroxy-p-napthoquinone (juglone). • 24 hours recovery • Longevity phenotypes noted: stress levels and movement • Microarray analysis: measure expression of each group • Cellular mRNA used to produce DNA ...
Translation/Protein Synthesis
Translation/Protein Synthesis

... Translation/Protein Synthesis Steps 1. Once the mRNA sequence leave the nucleus it attaches to the ribosome 2. The ribosome (which is partly made up of an rRNA molecule) travels down the mRNA sequence until it finds a start spot called a start codon  AUG: the ONLY start codon 3. The start codon is ...
Escherichia coli his2
Escherichia coli his2

... the reporter gene is placed under control of the regulatory sequences that usually dictate the expression pattern of the test gene. For more information on these regulatory sequences, see Sections 9.2 and 9.3. Note that the reporter gene strategy assumes that the important regulatory sequences do in ...
BIOMI/PLAA 608 Bacterium
BIOMI/PLAA 608 Bacterium

... annotating, visualizing and aligning whole bacterial genomes, sequence similarity searches, protein family classification, and protein and RNA structure prediction. In addition, the course will address concepts such as the pan-genome, horizontal gene transfer, bacterial genome structure, and the "ec ...
Gene Manipulation-2 - Workforce Solutions
Gene Manipulation-2 - Workforce Solutions

... Viruses are used • E. coli often used to express genes that have been transferred • Transformation is a common method for gene transfer ...
Gene Activity - Haiku Learning
Gene Activity - Haiku Learning

... Steps in Gene Expression: Transcription ...
Lab Module 8 - philipdarrenjones.com
Lab Module 8 - philipdarrenjones.com

... Figure. Transcription: from DNA to mRNA In the first of the two stages of making protein from DNA, a gene on the DNA molecule is transcribed into a complementary mRNA molecule. From RNA to Protein: Translation Like translating a book from one language into another, the codons on a strand of mRNA mus ...
Molecular Evolution - Integrative Biology
Molecular Evolution - Integrative Biology

... The first estimate of time to the most recent common ancestor of humans and chimps was obtained using molecular data (~ 5-6 Myr); new hominid fossil discoveries since then are in agreement with the molecular data. The molecular clock is not constant; different lineages can show faster, or slower rat ...
1.B.1 Conserved Core Processes
1.B.1 Conserved Core Processes

... Example: All eukaryotes have endomembrane systems, which includes the nuclear envelope, the ER, the Golgi apparatus, and vesicles. Hint: this would be a great time to review the endomembrane system and what it does! Here is a simple animation for you: http://goo.gl/rhY8Xs ...
1 Name Chapter 3 Reading Guide Nucleic Acids, Proteins, and
1 Name Chapter 3 Reading Guide Nucleic Acids, Proteins, and

... c. Explain the difference between your answer for the time of (A) and (B). Disulfide bridges are necessary for protein tertiary structure and must form before the enzyme active site can reappear, but there are other chemical interactions, such as hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions, that o ...
Early Earth and the Origin of Life
Early Earth and the Origin of Life

...  Proteins formed may serve as RNA replication ...
Week 2
Week 2

... signaling pathway through phosphorylation or dephosphorylation reactions – The signal eventually reaches the nucleus, triggering the cell’s response by changing its protein composition ...
Positive Strand RNA Viruses
Positive Strand RNA Viruses

... – Viral RNA polymerase (replicase) – Certain Host proteins VPg may act as a primer for RNA synthesis, this would explain why it is at the 5' end of all newly synthesized RNA molecules New minus sense strands serve as template for new plus sense strands Again, poliovirus RNA polymerase and VPg are ne ...
From Genes to Proteins - Yale Center for Teaching and Learning
From Genes to Proteins - Yale Center for Teaching and Learning

... transcription/translation & miss larger concept about how genotype determines phenotype. – see molecular processes of gene expression as separate from classical genetics/inheritance. ...
December 2009
December 2009

... d. Properly processed mRNA molecules have acquired cap-binding complexes, exon junction complexes, and poly-A-binding proteins. e. Initiation factors for protein synthesis do not associate with mRNA’s until after they are exported from the nucleus. 9. This question refers to transcriptional activati ...
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Transcriptional regulation

In molecular biology and genetics, transcriptional regulation is the means by which a cell regulates the conversion of DNA to RNA (transcription), thereby orchestrating gene activity. A single gene can be regulated in a range of ways, from altering the number of copies of RNA that are transcribed, to the temporal control of when the gene is transcribed. This control allows the cell or organism to respond to a variety of intra- and extracellular signals and thus mount a response. Some examples of this include producing the mRNA that encode enzymes to adapt to a change in a food source, producing the gene products involved in cell cycle specific activities, and producing the gene products responsible for cellular differentiation in higher eukaryotes.The regulation of transcription is a vital process in all living organisms. It is orchestrated by transcription factors and other proteins working in concert to finely tune the amount of RNA being produced through a variety of mechanisms. Prokaryotic organisms and eukaryotic organisms have very different strategies of accomplishing control over transcription, but some important features remain conserved between the two. Most importantly is the idea of combinatorial control, which is that any given gene is likely controlled by a specific combination of factors to control transcription. In a hypothetical example, the factors A and B might regulate a distinct set of genes from the combination of factors A and C. This combinatorial nature extends to complexes of far more than two proteins, and allows a very small subset (less than 10%) of the genome to control the transcriptional program of the entire cell.
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