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Recombinant DNA and genetic engineering
Recombinant DNA and genetic engineering

... FIGURE 7.15. (A) The technique of northern blotting. (B) A northern blot reveals that transcription of the CYP2B1 gene is increased in animals given phenobarbital. ...
cloning vectors
cloning vectors

... The first cloning vectors to be used, in the mid-1970s, were naturally occurring bacterial plasmids, originally from Escherichia coli. Plasmids are small, extra-chromosomal, circular DNA molecules that autonomously replicate inside the bacterial cell. They are convenient for the cloning of small DNA ...
Molecular Biology
Molecular Biology

... The first cloning vectors to be used, in the mid-1970s, were naturally occurring bacterial plasmids, originally from Escherichia coli. Plasmids are small, extra-chromosomal, circular DNA molecules that autonomously replicate inside the bacterial cell. They are convenient for the cloning of small DNA ...
ISTANBUL MEDIPOL UNIVERSITY Course Learning Outcomes of
ISTANBUL MEDIPOL UNIVERSITY Course Learning Outcomes of

... 3.1.Know the parts of a light microscope and their functions. 3.2.Explain the terms magnification, resolution, refractive index 3.3.Calculate total magnification. 3.4.Know the difference between simple, basic, acidic, differential and special stains. 3.5.Describe how to perform a Gram stain. 3.6.Des ...
Protein Synthesis Activity
Protein Synthesis Activity

... 1. On your answer sheet you have a very small segment of a DNA molecule. Use this segment to transcribe a molecule of mRNA. Start transcribing your mRNA molecule when you find “TAC” and stop when you find “ATT”. Remember, each combination of three nitrogenous bases on mRNA is called a codon. 2. Cut ...
Slide 1
Slide 1

... Biotech Experience ...
Protein Synthesis
Protein Synthesis

... The Genetic Code • A codon designates an amino acid • An amino acid may have more than one codon • There are 20 amino acids, but 64 possible codons • Some codons tell the ribosome to stop translating copyright cmassengale ...
Part II: Recombinant DNA Technology
Part II: Recombinant DNA Technology

... are palindromic, which correspond to nitrogenous base sequences that read the same backwards and forwards. In theory, there are two types of palindromic sequences that can be possible in DNA. The mirror-like palindrome is similar to those found in ordinary text, in which a sequence reads the same fo ...
Structure of the Gene Coding for the a Polypeptide Chain of
Structure of the Gene Coding for the a Polypeptide Chain of

... alignment of these genomic clones is presented in Fig. 1 to show the overall organization of the human C4BPa gene . C4BPa is composed of 12 exons spanning 40 kb of DNA . The precise size of each of these 12 exons and the results of the analysis of all exon/intron junctions are described in Fig. 2. T ...
Luciferase reporter assays: Powerful, adaptable tools for cell biology
Luciferase reporter assays: Powerful, adaptable tools for cell biology

... 50% of currently marketed medicines directed against them (8). In many cases GPCRs interact with heterotrimeric G proteins, which upon stimulation by an agonist, lead to dissociation of the G-protein subunits. Major G-protein families regulate different intracellular second messenger pathways based ...
A laktóz (lac) operon – egy példa a prokarióta génszabályozásra
A laktóz (lac) operon – egy példa a prokarióta génszabályozásra

... into the cell. The accurate function of transacetylase is not known. There is a terminator sequence at the end of the polycistronic DNA (consist of more than one gene under the control of a single promoter). Terminator marks the end of operon of genomic DNA for transcription. The lacI gene encoding ...
What is a southern blot?
What is a southern blot?

... Randall K. Saiki; Stephen Scharf; Fred Faloona, Kary B. Mullis ...
Chapter 12 Learning Objectives
Chapter 12 Learning Objectives

... 23. Explain what gel electrophoresis is generally, and how it can be used to separate molecules (including both DNA and food coloring). Explain how size and charge affect this separation. 24. Explain how DNA gel electrophoresis can be used to compare different DNA samples generally 25. Explain what ...
Reverse transcriptase
Reverse transcriptase

... fM ...
Gene Technology
Gene Technology

... the expression of thousands of genes at one time using DNA microarray assays  DNA microarray assays compare patterns of gene expression in different tissues, at different times, or under different conditions ...
MBG305_LS_01
MBG305_LS_01

... • All people are different • but the DNA of different people only varies for 0.2% or less • So, only up to 2 letters in 1000 are expected to be different. • Evidence in current genomics studies (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms or SNPs) imply that • on average only 1 letter out of 1400 is different b ...
Chapter 12
Chapter 12

... • Transcription of the lacZYA operon is controlled by a repressor protein that binds to an operator that overlaps the promoter at the start of the ...
Gene Expression and Basic Transformation
Gene Expression and Basic Transformation

... Gene: strach branching enzyme (SBE) isoform 1 Function: adds branch chains to starch Mutation in short allele: transposon insertion Effect of mutation: no SBE activity; less starch, more sucrose, more water; during maturation seed looses more water and wrinkles ...
Meiotic Induction of the Yeast HOP1 Gene Is
Meiotic Induction of the Yeast HOP1 Gene Is

... 22, 35, 37). It is appealing to imagine that these genes are regulated in a coordinated fashion to ensure that they are expressed at the proper time and level during meiosis. The signals that control entry into meiosis by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been well studied and include a specif ...
Association of Functional Polymorphisms of the Human Tryptophan
Association of Functional Polymorphisms of the Human Tryptophan

... Effect of tryptophan hydroxylase 2 gene (TPH2) promoter polymorphism on gene expression in the reporter system. A, Promoter activity of the TPH2 T − 703G and T − 473A polymorphisms. The human neuroblastoma cell lines SH-SY5Y and IMR-32 were transfected with plasmid constructs containing different ha ...
Agarose gel electrophoresis
Agarose gel electrophoresis

... selectively amplifying defined sequences/regions of DNA/RNA from an initial complex source of nucleic acid - generates sufficient for subsequent analysis and/or manipulation  Amplification of a small amount of DNA using specific DNA primers (a common method of creating copies of specific fragments ...
Section 1 Workbook Unit 2 ANSWERS File
Section 1 Workbook Unit 2 ANSWERS File

... 3. Proof reading enzyme checks for mistakes ...
The Genetic Code The nucleotide bases of the DNA strand
The Genetic Code The nucleotide bases of the DNA strand

... Once the tRNA has found it’s position along the mRNA it locks into a distinct place. The tRNA also carries – as a specific correlation to its nucleotide sequence - one distinct amino acid. A tRNA is therefore distinct for its three nucleotides at one end, and its proper amino acid at the other end o ...
Document
Document

... • The three letter code on the mRNA is called a codon. • The three letter code on the tRNA that is matched up with the mRNA is called an anticodon. ...
DNA Before Proteins? Recent Discoveries in
DNA Before Proteins? Recent Discoveries in

... FIG. 2. Plausible metabolic routes to DNA and RNA from abiotic precursors. Ribo- and deoxyribonucleotides can be synthesized by the same chemistries and, possibly, the same enzymes simply by changing the initial abiotic molecules. Catalysts are color-coded: blue, chemistries already demonstrated in ...
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Transcriptional regulation

In molecular biology and genetics, transcriptional regulation is the means by which a cell regulates the conversion of DNA to RNA (transcription), thereby orchestrating gene activity. A single gene can be regulated in a range of ways, from altering the number of copies of RNA that are transcribed, to the temporal control of when the gene is transcribed. This control allows the cell or organism to respond to a variety of intra- and extracellular signals and thus mount a response. Some examples of this include producing the mRNA that encode enzymes to adapt to a change in a food source, producing the gene products involved in cell cycle specific activities, and producing the gene products responsible for cellular differentiation in higher eukaryotes.The regulation of transcription is a vital process in all living organisms. It is orchestrated by transcription factors and other proteins working in concert to finely tune the amount of RNA being produced through a variety of mechanisms. Prokaryotic organisms and eukaryotic organisms have very different strategies of accomplishing control over transcription, but some important features remain conserved between the two. Most importantly is the idea of combinatorial control, which is that any given gene is likely controlled by a specific combination of factors to control transcription. In a hypothetical example, the factors A and B might regulate a distinct set of genes from the combination of factors A and C. This combinatorial nature extends to complexes of far more than two proteins, and allows a very small subset (less than 10%) of the genome to control the transcriptional program of the entire cell.
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