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BASICS OF SOCIAL CULTURAL
BASICS OF SOCIAL CULTURAL

... The Branch of Anthropology that concerns with the study of social institutions and the social and cultural aspects of human life is known as Social Cultural Anthropology. Till early 19th century, the term Social Cultural Anthropology was not popular. Almost everyone who was interested in the study o ...
Chapter 12
Chapter 12

...  the origin of variation by mutation or recombination,  followed by the change in gene frequencies.  natural selection and genetic drift do not account for the origin of variation. 2. Natural selection is different from evolution by natural selection. 3. Natural selection can have no evolutionary ...
Genetic architecture of intelligence from SNP - cog
Genetic architecture of intelligence from SNP - cog

... If most causal variants are rare (e.g., MAF < 0.1), then when two individuals differ at a locus we likely find AA vs Aa. Very few individuals are aa. Therefore, even if the effect of aa is not twice that of Aa (non-additivity or non-linearity), the relative size of population level non-additive effe ...
behavior and neurobiology
behavior and neurobiology

... The home cages described here were designed so that adjacent animals can interact with each other (lick, smell, or groom each other) through wire mesh separating their cages in one corner. We have also experimented with housing animals without physical contact, using clear plastic inserts instead of ...
Development, Adaptation, and Evolution
Development, Adaptation, and Evolution

American Scientist
American Scientist

... along their genes to the next generation. But perhaps similar processes could operate at other levels of the biological hierarchy. In this way natural selection could perpetuate traits that are favorable not to an individual but to a social unit such as a flock or a colony, or to an entire species, ...
L20PositiveNegativeBalancing
L20PositiveNegativeBalancing

... loci. At such a locus, virtual heterozygosity H = 4Nem, where m is the mutation rate at this locus. Thus, knowledge of m makes it possible to estimate Ne for natural populations from easily observable levels of genetic heterogeneity. Some estimates of Ne in nature are: humans - 10,000 (not today!) w ...
Culture in Action: Symbols and Strategies
Culture in Action: Symbols and Strategies

chapt20_lecture
chapt20_lecture

Analysis of Selection, Mutation and Recombination in Genetic
Analysis of Selection, Mutation and Recombination in Genetic

... process may stagnate far from the optimum, even in the case of a smooth convex tness function...It can be traced to the bias that is introduced into the sampling of directions by essentially mutating one gene at a time. One may think that mating would o set this bias however, in many experiments m ...
PDF - Matthew C Keller`s
PDF - Matthew C Keller`s

... The expectation of minimal V A in traits related to fitness did create some problems of its own, however. For example, what good would it do for females to choose males based on some sexually selected trait, such as long tails or deep croaks, when no genetic benefits of female choice are apparent? O ...
notes
notes

... fluctuated over time, the history of a sample of alleles taken from the population is entirely equivalent to the history of a sample taken from two demes, with some migration between them. It is therefore a simple manner to construct coalescent simulations in order to investigate the effect of balan ...
6.6 Selection: Winning and Losing
6.6 Selection: Winning and Losing

... Darwin and Alfred RusselWallace.Both naturalistsrecognizedthe profound importance of selectionas a mechanism of evolution. Natural selection arises whenever (1)individualsvary in the expressionoftheir phenotypes, and (2) this variationcauses some individuals to perform better than others.Over many g ...
Evolutionary implications of non- neutral
Evolutionary implications of non- neutral

... phenotype is contingent on an interaction between alleles at two or more loci. Genetic drift: the random change in allele frequency that is caused by random variation in individual reproduction. Heteroplasmy: the presence of more than one variant of organelle genotype (in this case, mtDNA) within a ...
The genetical theory of social behaviour
The genetical theory of social behaviour

... [P]onderous mathematical cortices skimmed my pages like flying saucers and back at their base did not always pronounce favourably on what they saw. Inclusive fitness wasn’t ‘well defined’, it was said . . . [1, p. 95] ...
Darwinian Populations and Natural Selection Homunculi Rule
Darwinian Populations and Natural Selection Homunculi Rule

... or even need, a perspective that permits us to theorize, to make predictions and consider explanations, about phenomena that succeed in “recreating structure” via substrateneutral paths. We learn that our enemy has somehow obtained information about the design of our new submarine. Did a spy copy th ...
The genetical theory of social behaviour
The genetical theory of social behaviour

... [P]onderous mathematical cortices skimmed my pages like flying saucers and back at their base did not always pronounce favourably on what they saw. Inclusive fitness wasn’t ‘well defined’, it was said . . . [1, p. 95] ...
The genetical theory of social behaviour
The genetical theory of social behaviour

Interview with Laura Fortunato, Winner of the 2011 Gabriel W
Interview with Laura Fortunato, Winner of the 2011 Gabriel W

... Atkinson (2003) used the same approach to test between the two main competing hypotheses for the origin of the IE language family; they found support for the scenario proposed by Renfrew (1987), which posits the expansion of IE languages from Anatolia with the spread of agriculture beginning around ...
Warszawa, dnia 7 stycznia 2002 r
Warszawa, dnia 7 stycznia 2002 r

... necessary to make specific provision for such data in the context of prenatal screening and diagnosis and associated genetic counseling; Noting that in recent decades considerable progress has been achieved in detecting genetic abnormalities in the child to be born, through genetic screening and thr ...
Modularity, individuality, and evo
Modularity, individuality, and evo

Week 5: The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, population differences
Week 5: The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, population differences

... 5.4: Differences between populations - origins and quantifying ● Recap: Navajo and Aborigine populations each showed HW equilibrium in blood type  genotype frequencies, but the combination of the two populations did not ­ there was a  deficiency of heterozygotes from what would be expected under HW. ...
Quantitative genetics of functional characters in
Quantitative genetics of functional characters in

... What are the genetics of phenotypes other than fitness, in outbred populations? To answer this question, the quantitative-genetic basis of divergence was characterized for outbred Drosophila melanogaster populations that had previously undergone selection to enhance characters related to fitness. Li ...
Quantitative genetics of functional characters in Drosophila
Quantitative genetics of functional characters in Drosophila

... What are the genetics of phenotypes other than fitness, in outbred populations? To answer this question, the quantitative-genetic basis of divergence was characterized for outbred Drosophila melanogaster populations that had previously undergone selection to enhance characters related to fitness. Li ...
History of Evolutionary Thought in Biology Lecture 1 Slide 2
History of Evolutionary Thought in Biology Lecture 1 Slide 2

... Selection operates as long as three conditions are met! Darwin never knew about genes! Assume that selection will favor advantageous traits irrespective of particulars of inheritance. Slide 92 The Phenotypic Gambit of Behavioral Ecology (also called Charnov’s bet with God) Analyze traits as if the v ...
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Dual inheritance theory

Dual inheritance theory (DIT), also known as gene–culture coevolution or biocultural evolution, was developed in the 1960's through early 1980s to explain how human behavior is a product of two different and interacting evolutionary processes: genetic evolution and cultural evolution. In DIT, culture is defined as information and/or behavior acquired through social learning. One of the theory's central claims is that culture evolves partly through a Darwinian selection process, which dual inheritance theorists often describe by analogy to genetic evolution.'Culture', in this context is defined as 'socially learned behavior', and 'social learning' is defined as copying behaviors observed in others or acquiring behaviors through being taught by others. Most of the modeling done in the field relies on the first dynamic (copying) though it can be extended to teaching. Social learning at its simplest involves blind copying of behaviors from a model (someone observed behaving), though it is also understood to have many potential biases, including success bias (copying from those who are perceived to be better off), status bias (copying from those with higher status), homophily (copying from those most like ourselves), conformist bias (disproportionately picking up behaviors that more people are performing), etc.. Understanding social learning is a system of pattern replication, and understanding that there are different rates of survival for different socially learned cultural variants, this sets up, by definition, an evolutionary structure: Cultural Evolution.Because genetic evolution is relatively well understood, most of DIT examines cultural evolution and the interactions between cultural evolution and genetic evolution.
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