Summary of AS-level Paper 2 content - A
... I can distinguish between thermal cracking (takes place at high pressure and high temperature and produces a high percentage of alkenes) and catalytic cracking (takes place at a slight pressure, high temperature and in the presence of a zeolite catalyst and is used mainly to produce motor fuels and ...
... I can distinguish between thermal cracking (takes place at high pressure and high temperature and produces a high percentage of alkenes) and catalytic cracking (takes place at a slight pressure, high temperature and in the presence of a zeolite catalyst and is used mainly to produce motor fuels and ...
Stereoselective Reduction of Ketones with Sodium Borohydride
... Carbon-magnesium bonds are polar – Carbon atom has a partial negative charge – Makes the carbon nucleophilic Its going to “look” for a positive charge ...
... Carbon-magnesium bonds are polar – Carbon atom has a partial negative charge – Makes the carbon nucleophilic Its going to “look” for a positive charge ...
Pauling Scale of Electronegativities for the Various Elements
... properties, bonding, electronegativity, and inorganic nomenclature. Balancing chemical equations, a topic covered in most general chemistry textbooks, nicely complements the material covered in this lab, however, the goals of predicting products in chemical reactions and determining the major direct ...
... properties, bonding, electronegativity, and inorganic nomenclature. Balancing chemical equations, a topic covered in most general chemistry textbooks, nicely complements the material covered in this lab, however, the goals of predicting products in chemical reactions and determining the major direct ...
A Straightforward Route to Enantiopure Pyrrolizidines and
... Corporation extensively explored soluble Rh and Ru complexes, either with or without promoters, as homogeneous catalysts for the production of oxygenates [26-33], including methanol, ethanol, and especially ethylene glycol. The principal shortcoming of all homogeneous CO hydrogenation reactions is t ...
... Corporation extensively explored soluble Rh and Ru complexes, either with or without promoters, as homogeneous catalysts for the production of oxygenates [26-33], including methanol, ethanol, and especially ethylene glycol. The principal shortcoming of all homogeneous CO hydrogenation reactions is t ...
Carbohydrates important reactions
... I. Chemical reactions of - COOH group Oxidation As noted above, sugars may be classified as reducing or non-reducing based on their reactivity with Tollens', Benedict's or Fehling's reagents. If a sugar is oxidized by these reagents it is called reducing, since the oxidant (Ag(+) or Cu(+2)) is reduc ...
... I. Chemical reactions of - COOH group Oxidation As noted above, sugars may be classified as reducing or non-reducing based on their reactivity with Tollens', Benedict's or Fehling's reagents. If a sugar is oxidized by these reagents it is called reducing, since the oxidant (Ag(+) or Cu(+2)) is reduc ...
Reprint - Horizon Research Publishing
... forward synthetic route for the preparation of β-amino alcohols, involve the heating of epoxide with an excess of amine at elevated temperature. Since some functional groups are sensitive to high temperature, a variety of activators such as alkali metal halides, metal perchlorates, metal tetrafluoro ...
... forward synthetic route for the preparation of β-amino alcohols, involve the heating of epoxide with an excess of amine at elevated temperature. Since some functional groups are sensitive to high temperature, a variety of activators such as alkali metal halides, metal perchlorates, metal tetrafluoro ...
kinetic characterisation of catalysts for methanol synthesis
... In summary, the results show that the proposed rate Equation (4) describes the influence of process conditions very well, so it can be used to compare the activity of the four investigated catalysts at selected temperatures, pressures and gas composition in the range of their values studied in this ...
... In summary, the results show that the proposed rate Equation (4) describes the influence of process conditions very well, so it can be used to compare the activity of the four investigated catalysts at selected temperatures, pressures and gas composition in the range of their values studied in this ...
Lecture
... sulfur because, in these two sulfonium cation structures, all atoms have octets of electrons. Nevertheless, as the sets of resonance structures show, the charge on the cation resulting from attack at the -position is more extensively delocalized than that for the cation resulting from attack at the ...
... sulfur because, in these two sulfonium cation structures, all atoms have octets of electrons. Nevertheless, as the sets of resonance structures show, the charge on the cation resulting from attack at the -position is more extensively delocalized than that for the cation resulting from attack at the ...
Name (Last, First)
... The object is to show that structural formulas do not represent the geometry of a molecule and when one speaks of a “straight chain” hydrocarbon one is not referring to a carbon framework with angles of 180°. The principal function of a structural formula is to show which atoms are bonded to which. ...
... The object is to show that structural formulas do not represent the geometry of a molecule and when one speaks of a “straight chain” hydrocarbon one is not referring to a carbon framework with angles of 180°. The principal function of a structural formula is to show which atoms are bonded to which. ...
rate of chemical reaction and chemical equilibrium
... It has been experimentally found that at a particular temperature, when equilibrium is attained, the ratio between concentration of reactants and products becomes constant. For reaction N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) 2 NH3 (g) + 92 kJ At equilibrium, Here, concentration of product (ammonia) occurs in numerator, ...
... It has been experimentally found that at a particular temperature, when equilibrium is attained, the ratio between concentration of reactants and products becomes constant. For reaction N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) 2 NH3 (g) + 92 kJ At equilibrium, Here, concentration of product (ammonia) occurs in numerator, ...
synthesis, chemistry and optical resol
... upon treatment with (+)-monoperoxycamphoric acid in chloroform.19 If the reaction is quenched at 50% conversion (30 equiv of peroxy acid, 7.5 h of reaction time), optically active olefin 13c, [a]24D- 24.7' (c 3.31, hexane), and 13b, [a]22p-32.4' (c 3.32, hexane), can be isolated through chromatograp ...
... upon treatment with (+)-monoperoxycamphoric acid in chloroform.19 If the reaction is quenched at 50% conversion (30 equiv of peroxy acid, 7.5 h of reaction time), optically active olefin 13c, [a]24D- 24.7' (c 3.31, hexane), and 13b, [a]22p-32.4' (c 3.32, hexane), can be isolated through chromatograp ...
Aldehydes and Ketones Both contain the functional group C O
... Of the two reducing agents, sodium borohydride is the milder reagent and is the one of preference for aldehydes and ketones since it is specific for these two functional groups. Lithium aluminum hydride will reduce many types of compounds very quickly. Reduction to hydrocarbons (we saw this used to ...
... Of the two reducing agents, sodium borohydride is the milder reagent and is the one of preference for aldehydes and ketones since it is specific for these two functional groups. Lithium aluminum hydride will reduce many types of compounds very quickly. Reduction to hydrocarbons (we saw this used to ...
Ch 10- Alcohols and Ethers
... decide which is better to make via Sn2 • Example 1- Synthesize 2-methoxypentane ...
... decide which is better to make via Sn2 • Example 1- Synthesize 2-methoxypentane ...
Chapter 13 – Alcohols, Phenols, Ethers, and Thioethers
... that all of the alkene is converted to alcohol. In the case of dehydration either water is removed as the reaction progresses or the equilibrium already so favors alkene production that the small amount of water produced doesn’t really affect the position of the equilibrium very much. This reaction ...
... that all of the alkene is converted to alcohol. In the case of dehydration either water is removed as the reaction progresses or the equilibrium already so favors alkene production that the small amount of water produced doesn’t really affect the position of the equilibrium very much. This reaction ...
Montmorillonite: An efficient, heterogeneous and
... • May lower the activation energy of a reaction by stabilizing the transition state • May act as a general acid or base • Environmentally benign • Use of clays as catalysts allows for them to be recycled, which further increases their economic efficiency. • Furthermore, reactions that are catalyzed ...
... • May lower the activation energy of a reaction by stabilizing the transition state • May act as a general acid or base • Environmentally benign • Use of clays as catalysts allows for them to be recycled, which further increases their economic efficiency. • Furthermore, reactions that are catalyzed ...
A Model for Catalytically Active Zinc(I1) Ion in Liver
... Abstract: The role of Zn" ion at the active center of liver alcohol dehydrogenase has been well-defined for the first time by the comparative studies of Zn"[ 12]aneN3, 1 ([12]aneN3 = 1,5,9-triazacyclododecane,L,),Zn"[ 12]aneN4, 2 ([ 12]aneN4 = 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane,L2),Zn"[ 14]aneN4, 3 ([ 1 ...
... Abstract: The role of Zn" ion at the active center of liver alcohol dehydrogenase has been well-defined for the first time by the comparative studies of Zn"[ 12]aneN3, 1 ([12]aneN3 = 1,5,9-triazacyclododecane,L,),Zn"[ 12]aneN4, 2 ([ 12]aneN4 = 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane,L2),Zn"[ 14]aneN4, 3 ([ 1 ...
Chapter 14 – Aldehydes and Ketones
... or ketone into an alcohol. We can add this hydrogen in one of two different ways. The first is to split apart a hydrogen molecule and add the two product hydrogen atoms or to use a hydride donor, followed by adding a proton (H+). For industrial scale reductions of small aldehydes and ketones the for ...
... or ketone into an alcohol. We can add this hydrogen in one of two different ways. The first is to split apart a hydrogen molecule and add the two product hydrogen atoms or to use a hydride donor, followed by adding a proton (H+). For industrial scale reductions of small aldehydes and ketones the for ...
Ring-closing metathesis
Ring-closing metathesis, or RCM, is a widely used variation of olefin metathesis in organic chemistry for the synthesis of various unsaturated rings via the intramolecular metathesis of two terminal alkenes, which forms the cycloalkene as the E- or Z- isomers and volatile ethylene.The most commonly synthesized ring sizes are between 5-7 atoms; however, reported syntheses include 45- up to 90- membered macroheterocycles. These reactions are metal-catalyzed and proceed through a metallacyclobutane intermediate. It was first published by Dider Villemin in 1980 describing the synthesis of an Exaltolide precursor, and later become popularized by Robert H. Grubbs and Richard R. Schrock, who shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, along with Yves Chauvin, in 2005 for their combined work in olefin metathesis. RCM is a favorite among organic chemists due to its synthetic utility in the formation of rings, which were previously difficult to access efficiently, and broad substrate scope. Since the only major by-product is ethylene, these reactions may also be considered atom economic, an increasingly important concern in the development of green chemistry.There are several reviews published on ring-closing metathesis.