Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
... • Living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds • Carbon is unparalleled in its ability to form large, complex, and diverse molecules • Proteins, DNA, carbohydrates, and other molecules that distinguish living matter (versus inanimate objects) are all composed of carbon compounds ...
... • Living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds • Carbon is unparalleled in its ability to form large, complex, and diverse molecules • Proteins, DNA, carbohydrates, and other molecules that distinguish living matter (versus inanimate objects) are all composed of carbon compounds ...
Παρουσίαση του PowerPoint
... Before and during these syntheses, groups of chemists sitting around blackboards or piles of paper plan the work they are about to undertake. Possible routes are drawn out, criticized, modified again when the behavior of the compounds in the flask turns out to be different from what was expected, un ...
... Before and during these syntheses, groups of chemists sitting around blackboards or piles of paper plan the work they are about to undertake. Possible routes are drawn out, criticized, modified again when the behavior of the compounds in the flask turns out to be different from what was expected, un ...
04_Lecture_Presentation_PC
... • The electron configuration of carbon gives it covalent compatibility with many different elements • The valences of carbon and its most frequent partners (hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen) are the “building code” that governs the architecture of living ...
... • The electron configuration of carbon gives it covalent compatibility with many different elements • The valences of carbon and its most frequent partners (hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen) are the “building code” that governs the architecture of living ...
reactions.html Reaction 1. Electrophilic addition of
... Mechanistic details positively charged electrophile adds to the aromatic ring in the rate-limiting step; the resulting carbocation reverts to aromaticity by the loss of proton the relative reactivity and regiochemistry of the reaction on substituted benzene derivatives is governed by the nature of t ...
... Mechanistic details positively charged electrophile adds to the aromatic ring in the rate-limiting step; the resulting carbocation reverts to aromaticity by the loss of proton the relative reactivity and regiochemistry of the reaction on substituted benzene derivatives is governed by the nature of t ...
Compounds Containing A Single Bond To A
... the -ine ending of the name of the halogen to the suffix –o (chlorine ...
... the -ine ending of the name of the halogen to the suffix –o (chlorine ...
Knox Chem Prelim 2009
... Allow about 30 minutes for this part Use the multiple-choice answer sheet. Select the alternative A,B,C or D that best answers the question. Fill in the response oval ...
... Allow about 30 minutes for this part Use the multiple-choice answer sheet. Select the alternative A,B,C or D that best answers the question. Fill in the response oval ...
Hard metal
... O-donor ligands are more strongly solvated by water molecules. Desolvation of the O-donor ligands, prior to complexation of the metal, reduces the overall DH for the complexation reaction. i.e. energy is used to remove solvent water from the O donor atoms before they can bond to the metal. This proc ...
... O-donor ligands are more strongly solvated by water molecules. Desolvation of the O-donor ligands, prior to complexation of the metal, reduces the overall DH for the complexation reaction. i.e. energy is used to remove solvent water from the O donor atoms before they can bond to the metal. This proc ...
6.1.3 revision guide carboxylic acids and esters
... CH3CH2CO2CH3 + NaOH CH3CH2CO2- Na+ + CH3OH methyl propanoate sodium propanoate methanol The carboxylic acid salt product is the anion of the carboxylic acid. The anion is resistant to attack by weak nucleophiles such as alcohols, so the reaction is not reversible. ...
... CH3CH2CO2CH3 + NaOH CH3CH2CO2- Na+ + CH3OH methyl propanoate sodium propanoate methanol The carboxylic acid salt product is the anion of the carboxylic acid. The anion is resistant to attack by weak nucleophiles such as alcohols, so the reaction is not reversible. ...
KS4 Organic Chemistry – Alkanes
... Because the main use of hydrocarbons is as a fuel there is no point in going to the effort to separate them into individual hydrocarbons. It is, however, possible to obtain pure hydrocarbons by very careful distillation. This section is about pure hydrocarbons. ...
... Because the main use of hydrocarbons is as a fuel there is no point in going to the effort to separate them into individual hydrocarbons. It is, however, possible to obtain pure hydrocarbons by very careful distillation. This section is about pure hydrocarbons. ...
Chapter16McMurryPPP
... substituents ortho and para react with nucleophiles Form addition intermediate (Meisenheimer complex) that is stabilized by electron-withdrawal Halide ion is lost to give aromatic ring ...
... substituents ortho and para react with nucleophiles Form addition intermediate (Meisenheimer complex) that is stabilized by electron-withdrawal Halide ion is lost to give aromatic ring ...
Organocatalysed asymmetric Mannich reactions
... compounds were examined as potential catalysts.6 Several ketones such as butanone, methoxyacetone and hydroxyacetone also furnished the desired products 11 in high yields (92– 96%) and excellent ee’s (.99%) (Scheme 3). Importantly, in all instances a high syn-selectivity (95% de) was observed. While ...
... compounds were examined as potential catalysts.6 Several ketones such as butanone, methoxyacetone and hydroxyacetone also furnished the desired products 11 in high yields (92– 96%) and excellent ee’s (.99%) (Scheme 3). Importantly, in all instances a high syn-selectivity (95% de) was observed. While ...
Alkenes Key features sp -hybridized carbons, 120 bond angles
... priority system is used instead of cis/trans designations: 1. Groups around C = C are assigned priority based on the atomic numbers of the two atoms bonded to each carbon. The atom with highest atomic number gets highest priority. Br > Cl > S > P > O > N > C > H 2. In case of a "tie", priority is ba ...
... priority system is used instead of cis/trans designations: 1. Groups around C = C are assigned priority based on the atomic numbers of the two atoms bonded to each carbon. The atom with highest atomic number gets highest priority. Br > Cl > S > P > O > N > C > H 2. In case of a "tie", priority is ba ...
4.14 Halogenation of Alkanes RH + X2 → RX + HX RH + X2 → RX +
... The species formed by a homolytic bond cleavage of a neutral molecule are free radicals. Therefore, measure enthalpy cost of homolytic bond cleavage to gain information about stability of free radicals. The more stable the free-radical products, the weaker the bond, and the lower the bond-dissociati ...
... The species formed by a homolytic bond cleavage of a neutral molecule are free radicals. Therefore, measure enthalpy cost of homolytic bond cleavage to gain information about stability of free radicals. The more stable the free-radical products, the weaker the bond, and the lower the bond-dissociati ...
Chapter 24: Transition Metals Coordination Compounds Part 1
... So you could easily form the salt [Ag(NH3)2]Cl. Note how the Cl- anion is outside the brackets. The coordination number of a coordination compound is simply the number of ligand atoms which are directly covalently attached to the transition metal atom or ion. So the coordination number of [Ag(NH3)2] ...
... So you could easily form the salt [Ag(NH3)2]Cl. Note how the Cl- anion is outside the brackets. The coordination number of a coordination compound is simply the number of ligand atoms which are directly covalently attached to the transition metal atom or ion. So the coordination number of [Ag(NH3)2] ...
Carbon-Carbon Bond Formation by Reductive Coupling with
... Reductions with 1 were initially conducted with the lithium chloride-free reagent in refluxing tolu ene or tetrahydrofuran solution. Since the pres ence of the LiCl had no marked effect on the re ducing activity of 1 for most substrates, subsequent reductions were carried out directly with the T ...
... Reductions with 1 were initially conducted with the lithium chloride-free reagent in refluxing tolu ene or tetrahydrofuran solution. Since the pres ence of the LiCl had no marked effect on the re ducing activity of 1 for most substrates, subsequent reductions were carried out directly with the T ...
Synthesis and characterization of macrocyclic complexes of Co (II
... respective metal chlorides. All these complexes are characterized by infrared, electronic spectroscopy and conductivity measurements. Indirect evidence for the formation of intra-molecular hydrogen bond in these complexes is obtained by replacing the hydrogen bonded proton by BF2 group by treating t ...
... respective metal chlorides. All these complexes are characterized by infrared, electronic spectroscopy and conductivity measurements. Indirect evidence for the formation of intra-molecular hydrogen bond in these complexes is obtained by replacing the hydrogen bonded proton by BF2 group by treating t ...
Spring 2008 Final Exam Key
... 8. A(n) mole is the amount of substance that contains the same number of particles as there are atoms in 12 g of carbon-12. 9. A(n) combustion reaction is a rapid oxidation accompanied by heat and usually light. 10. Reduction is any chemical change in which at least one element gains electrons, eith ...
... 8. A(n) mole is the amount of substance that contains the same number of particles as there are atoms in 12 g of carbon-12. 9. A(n) combustion reaction is a rapid oxidation accompanied by heat and usually light. 10. Reduction is any chemical change in which at least one element gains electrons, eith ...
AP Ch. 25 Notes
... - Suffix, which gives the family (alkanes, alkenes, etc.) • Rules for naming compounds are given by the International Union for Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). • We will only do one example in these notes for practice, but we will have more to do together later on! ...
... - Suffix, which gives the family (alkanes, alkenes, etc.) • Rules for naming compounds are given by the International Union for Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). • We will only do one example in these notes for practice, but we will have more to do together later on! ...
Hydroformylation
Hydroformylation, also known as oxo synthesis or oxo process, is an important homogeneously catalyzed industrial process for the production of aldehydes from alkenes. This chemical reaction entails the addition of a formyl group (CHO) and a hydrogen atom to a carbon-carbon double bond. This process has undergone continuous growth since its invention in 1938: Production capacity reached 6.6×106 tons in 1995. It is important because the resulting aldehydes are easily converted into many secondary products. For example, the resulting aldehydes are hydrogenated to alcohols that are converted to plasticizers or detergents. Hydroformylation is also used in specialty chemicals, relevant to the organic synthesis of fragrances and natural products. The development of hydroformylation, which originated within the German coal-based industry, is considered one of the premier achievements of 20th-century industrial chemistry.The process typically entails treatment of an alkene with high pressures (between 10 to 100 atmospheres) of carbon monoxide and hydrogen at temperatures between 40 and 200 °C. Transition metal catalysts are required.