Recommended precaution procedures protect healthcare workers
... gloves and masks. The compliance rates to all three PPE (gowns, gloves, and masks) were higher among physicians, which may be associated with better education and awareness. They had been trained on methods of infection control at medical school to a greater extent than the other HCWs. Training prog ...
... gloves and masks. The compliance rates to all three PPE (gowns, gloves, and masks) were higher among physicians, which may be associated with better education and awareness. They had been trained on methods of infection control at medical school to a greater extent than the other HCWs. Training prog ...
ELISA kit for antigenic diagnosis of Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis
... 3.1-Bring all the reagents to 21°C +/- 3°C before use. Thaw the culture plate that was prepared from the samples. 3.2-Dilute the concentrated washing solution 20 fold in distilled water. Be sure that all crystals have disappeared before dilution. Keep this solution between +2°C and +8°C when not use ...
... 3.1-Bring all the reagents to 21°C +/- 3°C before use. Thaw the culture plate that was prepared from the samples. 3.2-Dilute the concentrated washing solution 20 fold in distilled water. Be sure that all crystals have disappeared before dilution. Keep this solution between +2°C and +8°C when not use ...
INFECTIOUS PANCREATIC NECROSIS
... Several factors affect the overall mortality rate in a population of salmonid fry infected with IPN virus. The susceptibility of salmonid fishes to IPN disease decreases with increasing age, the most susceptible fish being first-feeding fry. High resistance is usually, but not invariably, achieved a ...
... Several factors affect the overall mortality rate in a population of salmonid fry infected with IPN virus. The susceptibility of salmonid fishes to IPN disease decreases with increasing age, the most susceptible fish being first-feeding fry. High resistance is usually, but not invariably, achieved a ...
Epidemic Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis in La Guajira, Colombia
... 15]. Spontaneous abortions and lethal central nervous system malformations in aborted fetuses have been linked circumstantially to VEE infection in previous outbreaks [16, 17]. Our hospital review in Riohacha, which is an underestimate since many women in the area do not seek obstetric care in hospi ...
... 15]. Spontaneous abortions and lethal central nervous system malformations in aborted fetuses have been linked circumstantially to VEE infection in previous outbreaks [16, 17]. Our hospital review in Riohacha, which is an underestimate since many women in the area do not seek obstetric care in hospi ...
Microbial Risks
... fevers, chills, headaches, muscle aches and fatigue. Onset occurs in as little as 12 hours from exposure, but commonly takes 24 to 48 hours after ingesting the virus. The illness usually lasts one to two days, and in most cases recovery occurs without problems unless the person becomes dehydrated fr ...
... fevers, chills, headaches, muscle aches and fatigue. Onset occurs in as little as 12 hours from exposure, but commonly takes 24 to 48 hours after ingesting the virus. The illness usually lasts one to two days, and in most cases recovery occurs without problems unless the person becomes dehydrated fr ...
Sexually Transmitted Infections - Belle Vernon Area School District
... Most contagious whenever blisters are present – should refrain from sexual intercourse during outbreak of blisters or while they are healing transmitted by: -direct, intimate contact with penis, vagina, anus, mouth, and can be transferred to the eyes if sore is touched ...
... Most contagious whenever blisters are present – should refrain from sexual intercourse during outbreak of blisters or while they are healing transmitted by: -direct, intimate contact with penis, vagina, anus, mouth, and can be transferred to the eyes if sore is touched ...
Infection Prevention and Control OUTBREAK MANAGEMENT
... ONE laboratory confirmed case of influenza OR ...
... ONE laboratory confirmed case of influenza OR ...
- United Nations ESCAP
... well-being for all, it is indispensable to revisit the issue of global health governance in the wake of the Ebola virus disease outbreak in West Africa. The issue of global health governance is also relevant in the AsiaPacific region, where Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), influenza A (H1N1 ...
... well-being for all, it is indispensable to revisit the issue of global health governance in the wake of the Ebola virus disease outbreak in West Africa. The issue of global health governance is also relevant in the AsiaPacific region, where Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), influenza A (H1N1 ...
Potential resurgence of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza
... Influenza virus type A(H5N1) is a group of avian viruses that are highly pathogenic and very infectious for a number of bird species, including most domestic poultry species kept by humans. Since 1997, the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus A(H5N1) has affected poultry, initially in the ...
... Influenza virus type A(H5N1) is a group of avian viruses that are highly pathogenic and very infectious for a number of bird species, including most domestic poultry species kept by humans. Since 1997, the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus A(H5N1) has affected poultry, initially in the ...
Biological and Chemical Hazards of Forensic Skeletal Analysis
... the frequency of tuberculosis is low to moderate, the lack of recognition of this disease even in cases where respiratory disease is suspected is frightening. One study suggested that 54% of the series of recent autopsies in which TB was present had been undetected by the attending physicians due to ...
... the frequency of tuberculosis is low to moderate, the lack of recognition of this disease even in cases where respiratory disease is suspected is frightening. One study suggested that 54% of the series of recent autopsies in which TB was present had been undetected by the attending physicians due to ...
Simultaneous detection of vaccinal and field infectious bursal
... (2005) who detected vaccine virus of intermediate virulence at 14 dpv by immunohistochemical staining, while the intermediate plus vaccine strain was detectable as long as 21 dpv. In this experiment the vaccine virus was also found in the spleen, thymus and bone marrow. It is interesting to note tha ...
... (2005) who detected vaccine virus of intermediate virulence at 14 dpv by immunohistochemical staining, while the intermediate plus vaccine strain was detectable as long as 21 dpv. In this experiment the vaccine virus was also found in the spleen, thymus and bone marrow. It is interesting to note tha ...
Viruses
... sores may appear and disappear on the skin of an infected person throughout her or his lifetime. The sores appear when the viral cycle destroys cells, and they disappear when the virus is in its provirus stage. The exact trigger that causes the switch from one phase to another is not known. Other vi ...
... sores may appear and disappear on the skin of an infected person throughout her or his lifetime. The sores appear when the viral cycle destroys cells, and they disappear when the virus is in its provirus stage. The exact trigger that causes the switch from one phase to another is not known. Other vi ...
Bird flu - European Lung Foundation
... What is flu? “Flu”, or influenza, is caused by the influenza virus. Outbreaks occur in humans every winter. It is spread by breathing in droplets of water in the air containing the virus that have been coughed or sneezed out by another person. The usual symptoms in adults are fever, muscle aches and ...
... What is flu? “Flu”, or influenza, is caused by the influenza virus. Outbreaks occur in humans every winter. It is spread by breathing in droplets of water in the air containing the virus that have been coughed or sneezed out by another person. The usual symptoms in adults are fever, muscle aches and ...
Canine Diseases
... Distemper should be considered in the diagnosis of any febrile condition in dogs with multisystemic manifestations. Characteristic signs sometimes do not appear until late in the disease, and the clinical picture may be modified by concurrent parasitism and numerous viral or bacterial infections. A ...
... Distemper should be considered in the diagnosis of any febrile condition in dogs with multisystemic manifestations. Characteristic signs sometimes do not appear until late in the disease, and the clinical picture may be modified by concurrent parasitism and numerous viral or bacterial infections. A ...
Open access
... • Zika is a nationally notifiable infection (arboviral disease). • If a person has Zika, the virus remains in the bloodstream after first symptoms appear for about one week. Those infected must take steps to prevent mosquito bites to help prevent the spread. • Aedes aegypti bites in the daytime. ...
... • Zika is a nationally notifiable infection (arboviral disease). • If a person has Zika, the virus remains in the bloodstream after first symptoms appear for about one week. Those infected must take steps to prevent mosquito bites to help prevent the spread. • Aedes aegypti bites in the daytime. ...
virus and its age-specificity in Japan
... travel, and by 1 June, 361 cases, owing to indigenous secondary transmission, have been confirmed. Of these, 287 cases (79.5%) were teenagers (i.e. between 10 and 19 years of age). The reproduction number is estimated at 2.3 (95% confidence interval: 2.0, 2.6). The average number of secondary transm ...
... travel, and by 1 June, 361 cases, owing to indigenous secondary transmission, have been confirmed. Of these, 287 cases (79.5%) were teenagers (i.e. between 10 and 19 years of age). The reproduction number is estimated at 2.3 (95% confidence interval: 2.0, 2.6). The average number of secondary transm ...
Ebola Information for humanitarian aid and other
... (vomit, stool, urine, saliva, semen) of infected symptomatic people. Semen can contain virus for three months after apparent recovery from the illness. Infection can also occur if broken skin or mucous membranes of a healthy person come into contact with environments that have become contaminated wi ...
... (vomit, stool, urine, saliva, semen) of infected symptomatic people. Semen can contain virus for three months after apparent recovery from the illness. Infection can also occur if broken skin or mucous membranes of a healthy person come into contact with environments that have become contaminated wi ...
passiveimmunity : part 2
... Normally, the level of MDAs, measured by ELISA or VN tests, decreases by half per half-life time four days after hatching. Based on such information, the approximate period of time after which chicks become susceptible to IBD viruses is foreseeable. The protective capacity of IBD passive immunity de ...
... Normally, the level of MDAs, measured by ELISA or VN tests, decreases by half per half-life time four days after hatching. Based on such information, the approximate period of time after which chicks become susceptible to IBD viruses is foreseeable. The protective capacity of IBD passive immunity de ...
General Steps in Viral Replication Cycles
... macromolecules are synthesized in a highly organized sequence. In some viral infections, notably those involving double-stranded DNA-containing viruses, early viral proteins are synthesized soon after infection and late proteins are made only late in infection after viral DNA synthesis begins. Early ...
... macromolecules are synthesized in a highly organized sequence. In some viral infections, notably those involving double-stranded DNA-containing viruses, early viral proteins are synthesized soon after infection and late proteins are made only late in infection after viral DNA synthesis begins. Early ...
Growth of different infectious bursal disease virus strains in cell lines
... inoculation. It was observed that histological changes in cell lines increased in severity with the time post inoculation. It was recorded that vvIBDV (993) strain resulted in lesion scores similar to virulent (J1) strain, while both vaccine strains resulted into similar lesion scores which are less ...
... inoculation. It was observed that histological changes in cell lines increased in severity with the time post inoculation. It was recorded that vvIBDV (993) strain resulted in lesion scores similar to virulent (J1) strain, while both vaccine strains resulted into similar lesion scores which are less ...
Recurring Outbreaks of Fowl Pox in a Poultry Farm in... Southeast Nigeria Okwor, Emmanuel C*.,Eze, Didacus C and Chah, Kennedy F.
... Transmission can also occur directly by direct contact between infected and susceptible birds. The virus is transmitted through abraded or broken skin or the conjunctiva or through fighting. Transmission can also occur through ingestion when food and water or through inhalation of pox virus infected ...
... Transmission can also occur directly by direct contact between infected and susceptible birds. The virus is transmitted through abraded or broken skin or the conjunctiva or through fighting. Transmission can also occur through ingestion when food and water or through inhalation of pox virus infected ...
Influenza Presentation by Virginia Dato at MMRS13 Nov 10
... Restaurants have hand washing sinks in kitchens Poultry and eggs already need to be well cooked No bare hand contact with ready to eat food already in place. Good agriculture practices related to produce being put in place ...
... Restaurants have hand washing sinks in kitchens Poultry and eggs already need to be well cooked No bare hand contact with ready to eat food already in place. Good agriculture practices related to produce being put in place ...
Communicable Diseases and Immunisation Guidelines
... more at risk of coming into contact with rabies or other lyssaviruses; those working with sheep or wild mammals are more at risk from Q fever. Researchers working in high-risk situations (including Honours and post-graduate students) should be immunised if a vaccine is available. Staff or students n ...
... more at risk of coming into contact with rabies or other lyssaviruses; those working with sheep or wild mammals are more at risk from Q fever. Researchers working in high-risk situations (including Honours and post-graduate students) should be immunised if a vaccine is available. Staff or students n ...
Ebola virus disease
Ebola virus disease (EVD; also Ebola hemorrhagic fever, or EHF), or simply Ebola, is a disease of humans and other primates caused by ebolaviruses. Signs and symptoms typically start between two days and three weeks after contracting the virus with a fever, sore throat, muscular pain, and headaches. Then, vomiting, diarrhea and rash usually follow, along with decreased function of the liver and kidneys. At this time some people begin to bleed both internally and externally. The disease has a high risk of death, killing between 25 and 90 percent of those infected, with an average of about 50 percent. This is often due to low blood pressure from fluid loss, and typically follows six to sixteen days after symptoms appear.The virus spreads by direct contact with body fluids, such as blood, of an infected human or other animals. This may also occur through contact with an item recently contaminated with bodily fluids. Spread of the disease through the air between primates, including humans, has not been documented in either laboratory or natural conditions. Semen or breast milk of a person after recovery from EVD may still carry the virus for several weeks to months. Fruit bats are believed to be the normal carrier in nature, able to spread the virus without being affected by it. Other diseases such as malaria, cholera, typhoid fever, meningitis and other viral hemorrhagic fevers may resemble EVD. Blood samples are tested for viral RNA, viral antibodies or for the virus itself to confirm the diagnosis.Control of outbreaks requires coordinated medical services, alongside a certain level of community engagement. The medical services include rapid detection of cases of disease, contact tracing of those who have come into contact with infected individuals, quick access to laboratory services, proper healthcare for those who are infected, and proper disposal of the dead through cremation or burial. Samples of body fluids and tissues from people with the disease should be handled with special caution. Prevention includes limiting the spread of disease from infected animals to humans. This may be done by handling potentially infected bush meat only while wearing protective clothing and by thoroughly cooking it before eating it. It also includes wearing proper protective clothing and washing hands when around a person with the disease. No specific treatment or vaccine for the virus is available, although a number of potential treatments are being studied. Supportive efforts, however, improve outcomes. This includes either oral rehydration therapy (drinking slightly sweetened and salty water) or giving intravenous fluids as well as treating symptoms.The disease was first identified in 1976 in two simultaneous outbreaks, one in Nzara, and the other in Yambuku, a village near the Ebola River from which the disease takes its name. EVD outbreaks occur intermittently in tropical regions of sub-Saharan Africa. Between 1976 and 2013, the World Health Organization reports a total of 24 outbreaks involving 1,716 cases. The largest outbreak is the ongoing epidemic in West Africa, still affecting Guinea and Sierra Leone. {{#section:Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa|casesasof}}, this outbreak has {{#section:Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa|cases}} reported cases resulting in {{#section:Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa|deaths}} deaths.{{#section:Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa|caserefs}}